Motivation
What is the definition of Motivation
The direction and intensity of effort (Gill, 1986)
What are the 3 parts to the Macro Theory of Human Motivation
1. Humans are growth oriented organisms
2. Actively seek optimal challenges/new experiences to master
3. Exemplar human growth tendency is intrinsic motivation
Define Burnout
A psychological, emotional and sometimes physical withdrawl from an activity in response to excessive stress or dissatisfaction
This type of goal is oriented toward the attainment of normative compentence, winning or comparing favorably to others (wanting to win)
Performance-Approach Goals
When one has an expectation of a reward for an inherently interesting activity, this results in decreased interest when the reward is no longer available.
Overjustication Hypothesis
Ex. Sandlot- Money
What are the 3 views of motivation
1. Participant or Trait Centered View- Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics
2. Situation-Centered View- Motivation level is determined primarily by situation
3. Interactional View- Motivated behavior results from the interaction of participant factors and situational factors
In this theory you make decisions for yourself.
Need to feel competent and self determining- seek optimal challenges
2 functional components- Informational and Controlling
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
What are the 3 things burnout is characterized by?
1. Emotional and Physical Exhaustion
2. Sport Devaluation
3. Reduced Sense of Personal AccomplishmentThis type of goal is avoidance of normative incompetence, such as losing or comparing poorly against others (wanting not to lose).
Performance-avoidance goals
At what age does somebody have a Conception of Ability?
12
Undifferentiated- <8
Partially Differentiated- 9-11
Differentiated- 12
What are some major sport participation motives?
Improving Skills
Having fun
Being with friends
Experiencing thrills and excitement
Achieving Success
Developing Fitness
What is this theory?
Goal orientation- cognitive schemata that predisposes one to act in a task oriented (process) or ego oriented (outcome) matter
Motivational Climate- set of goal or reward structures evident within an achievement setting
Goal involvement- pursuing mastery or outcome goals
Achievement Goal Theory
What are the 3 burnout perspectives?
1. Stress-Based- chronic stress caused by physical or psychological demands
2. Equipment-Based- Do not enjoy sport, but are too invested to quit/no alternatives
3. Motivational- goal setting, driven by external pressues
What are task/mastery goals?
Focus on attaining task based requirements or improvement.
Ex. I would like to get an A on this test
Process
Intrinsic Motivation- engaging in an activity for inherent pleasure, enjoyment, curiosity, challenge and personal mastery
Extrinsic Motivation- engaging in an activity for social approval, material rewards, social status, or external factors (does not last)
Sport Transfer<------------------------->Sport Dropout
Voluntary, involuntary, burnout
Discontinuation Contiuum
What are the 3 basic psychological needs for growth and health functioning?
ARC- Autonomy, Relatedness, Competence
Autonomy- need to experience activities as self-endorsed or choice-fully enacted
Relatedness- need to feel close, connected and cared for with important others
Competence- need to interact effectively with the environment
What are some ways to treat and prevent burnout?
Monitor critical states in athletes
Communicate
Foster an autonomy supportive coaching style
Set short term goals
Take breaks from sport
Learn self regulation skills
Keep positive outlook
What are ego/performance goals?
Focus on outperforming others or avoiding doing worse than others
Ex. I want to be the best student in the class
Outcome
Linked to the Organismic Intergration Theory
Internalization
What are some reasons to join/continue exercise
Join- Health, Weight loss, Fitness, Self-Challenge, Feeling Better
Continue- Enjoyment, liking instructor, liking activity, social
a. Stability
b. Locus of Causality (internal, external)
c. Locus of control (in or out of one's control)
Attribution Theory
This questionnaire measures athlete burnout
ABQ- Athlete Burnout Questionnaire
Who developed the Achievement Goal Theory?
What is the difference between the Information Aspect and Controlling Aspect (Linked to the Cognitive Evaluation Theory)
Information Aspect- perceived positive or negative competence from an event- Tied to perceived competence
Ex. Worked to be a college athlete, when you get to college you feel you are not good enough
Controlling Aspect- perception of internal or external locus of causality (control) of the event
Ex. you are really good at something and have no control- get injured