Language change
The displacement and fragmentation of traditional social and language groups.
What is language loss?
The process by which a language develops international influence.
What is globalisation?
A makeshift language that springs up when speakers of different linguistic backgrounds come together and need to communicate.
What is a pidgin?
A pidgin language that has become the mother tongue of a speech community.
What is a creole?
A collection of words that have a grammatical relationship with each other.
What is a phrase?
The process whereby a community moves from speaking one language to another.
What is language shift?
Contains the inner circle, outer circle and expanding circle.
What are Kachru's expanding circles of English?
A common language used between speakers of different linguistic backgrounds.
What is a lingua franca?
The language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools and used in the courts of law.
What is an official language?
A group of words that contains at least one main clause.
What is a sentence?
Descriptions such as healthy/strong, weaking/sick, moribund/dying, dead, extinct.
What are the stages of language endearment?
A term for emerging localised or indigenised varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in territories influenced by the United Kingdom or the United States.
What are World Englishes?
An established pattern of language use across multiple subsystems.
What is a variety?
When speakers or writers switch between different languages or language dialects within a conversation or a single text. (Sub-system is Discourse)
What is code switching?
Minimally consists of a subject and a verb - that is, a noun phrase and a verb phrase.
What is a clause?
The act of a speech community in revitalising or bringing back an endangered language.
What is language reclamation?
Adult Acquisition, Integrate Active Speakers, Exclusive Use in Local Contexts, Literacy Programs, Compulsory State Education, Language Used in Workplaces, Language Used in Local Government Services and Language Used in Higher Education and Government.
What are Joshua Fishman's Eight Steps of Language Revitalisation?
Non-standard varieties are often said to have this ascribed to them by their speakers; the variety is usually not accepted in all social groups.
What is covert prestige?
The standard has this; it is generally socially acknowledged as 'correct' and therefore valued highly among all speakers of the language.
What is overt prestige?
Typically used in informal or casual written texts, and acts as a sentence even though they aren't a complete main clause.
What is a sentence fragment?
The work of linguistic upkeep - keeping a language in common usage to ensure its survival.
What is language maintenance?
Increase the language's prestige within the dominant community; increase their wealth and income; increase their legitimate power in the eyes of the dominant community; have a strong presence in the education system; can write down the language; and can use electronic technology.
What are David Crystal's Six Factors of Successful Language Revitalisation?
This theory states that language merely influences our thinking to some degree - so our native language acts as a kind of filter through which we perceive the world.
What is linguistic relativism?
This theory is the stronger of the two theories and states that the language you speak determines or controls your thoughts and the way you perceive the world - your native language limits your perceptions and knowledge.
What is linguistic determinism?
A sentence that functions to provide information, observations or statements. They are possibly the most common type of sentence in English.
What is a declarative?