Unit 1 Review
GPP =
NPP + R
When humans kill 35% of the white-tailed deer in Wisconsin because they have an inherited disorder that makes them unable to judge the speed of a car, we are reducing this biodiversity.
Genetic
A rare, important species is called this.
This ecosystem service is concerned with arguments about things we can harvest out of nature: medicines, foods, building materials, and energy.
Provisional
A random event that reduces genetic diversity is called this.
Bottleneck event.
Efficiency =
(NPP / IE) * 100
When pioneer species migrate to open soil and begin secondary succession, this type of biodiversity increases.
Species
Invasive species are nonnative migrants, but in order to be considered invasive they must also...
This ecosystem service is concerned with the natural processes that create biodiverse, healthy ecosystems: water/carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus cycles, climate, primary production, soil creation.
Supporting
12. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 25 kilometer^2 in area would have more species than an island that is only 15km^2, if they are the same distance from the mainland?
A. There are always more species that have the ability to travel to the 25km^2 island.
B. Islands that are closer to continents often have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do.
C. There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents.
D. Islands that are larger likely have more ecological niches than smaller islands do.
D
The most productive aquatic biome is...
Coral reef
When pioneer species are shaded out by a more competitive, slower growing tree, these types of biodiversity change.
Species (increase or decrease? why?)
Habitat (increase or decrease? why?)
Invasive species have these traits.
-Few natural predators
-Fast reproduction
-Competitive advantage over natives
Milwaukee recently completed a Harbor Cleanup project that mimics wetlands; it captures polluted sediment and gives it time to settle, reducing anthropogenic water pollution that enters Lake Michigan. This is an example of this ecosystem service.
Regulating
When abiotic or biotic pressures cause a genotype to be more successful than another, we say this is happening.
Natural selection, speciation
The least productive terrestrial biome is
Desert
Human medicine has advanced significantly in the last century. Have we increased or decreased our genetic diversity? Why?
Increased, because we are saving more types of people in childhood that may not have been able to survive and reproduce in the past.
If we see a sudden change in the population of a species, we may be able to use it as an example of this.
Indicator species.
10. Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?
A. Recreation and scenic areas for tourism
B. Timber and landscape materials
C. Mushroom and plant harvests
D. Soil stabilization and air purification
a
Which is larger, a fundamental or a realized niche?
Fundamental niche
What is the process of infiltration and how does it apply to the control or spread of pollution?
infiltration is when water seeps from the surface into the ground. This may reduce the amount of pollution in runoff, as water-soluble pollutants will settle into the soil with the infiltrating water. However, this may poison local organisms and be transported underground or excavated.
A North Carolina timber company proposes to clear-cut 45 hectares of oak-hickory deciduous forest in the Appalachian Mountains. The company has said that the forest will regrow naturally, and 50 years after the clear-cutting the company plans to harvest again, cutting all the oaks and hickories that have at least a 40-centimeter diameter. A local citizens’ group claims that this is not a realistic plan. Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim of the citizens’ group?
A. Harvesting oak and hickory will disrupt the soil in the first year after clear-cutting; oaks and hickories cannot germinate that first year.
B. Oak and hickory are late-successional species; pioneer species will dominate for many decades before the oaks and hickories are reestablished.
C. Coniferous forests can regrow after having been clear-cut; the biome will change to a boreal forest after clear-cutting.
D. Populations of large carnivores in the forest will decline after clear-cutting occurs; deer hunting will suffer as a result.
E. Erosion rates on the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains will decrease after clear-cutting; many new species will move into the forest.
Describe a trophic cascade.
When we remove/add a predator, the prey increase/decrease in population. This passes pressure onto the trophic layer two levels down from the predator, so it decreases/increases. This "every other" effect radiates down a food chain from the predator.
Write:
What makes supporting and regulating ecosystem services different?
Regulating services solve anthropogenic environmental problems, while supporting services maintain "normal" conditions.
Write:
Describe how changes in an ecosystem could result in a bird species changing their beak shape over time.
Change in survival conditions (drought, rains, etc)
Winners have a weird beak shape
Winners have more kids
Average beak shape looks more and more like the winners.