Organelles
These non-membrane structures are found in all cells and synthesize proteins.
ribosomes
This system includes the ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and vesicles.
endomembrane system
As cell size increases, this ratio decreases, limiting exchange efficiency.
surface area-to-volume ratio
The plasma membrane is often described by this model.
fluid mosaic model
Internal membranes in eukaryotes increase surface area and reduce competing interactions.
compartmentalization
This organelle is highly folded to increase efficiency of ATP production and Cellular Respiration occur.
Mitochondria
The rough ER is associated with these, which allow protein synthesis.
ribosomes
Smaller cells are more efficient at exchanging materials because they have a higher what?
surface area-to-volume ratio
Small nonpolar molecules, like O₂ and CO₂, cross the membrane by this process.
simple diffusion
Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes via this process.
endosymbiosis
This organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes for digestion and apoptosis.
Lysosomes
This organelle modifies, folds, and packages proteins for transport.
Golgi apparatus
These structures, like microvilli in gut cells, increase surface area for exchange.
membrane folds
The Na⁺/K⁺ pump is an example of this type of transport.
active transport
Prokaryotes lack internal membrane-bound organelles but still have specialized what?
internal regions with specialized functions
This organelle is the site of photosynthesis and contains a double membrane.
Chloroplasts
This type of ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies cells.
smooth ER
In animals, this relationship means that smaller organisms have a higher metabolic rate per unit body mass.
size-to-metabolic rate relationship
This process brings large molecules into the cell by forming vesicles.
endocytosis
The presence of ribosomes in all forms of life reflects what about ancestry?
common ancestry for all life
These sacs in plant cells maintain turgor pressure by storing water and nutrients.
Vacuoles
The nuclear envelope, part of the endomembrane system, surrounds this structure.
nucleus
Which equation would you use to calculate the surface area of a sphere?
SA = 4πr²
Water moves across membranes via these channel proteins.
aquaporins
The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells allows for different what to occur simultaneously?
metabolic processes/enzymatic reactions?