Basic Chemistry
Smallest basic units of matter.
What are atoms?
What is a polar molecule?
What is a molecule that has slightly charged regions?
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
What are four covalent bonds?
The amount of energy that must be put in to a single bond to get it to break.
What is bond energy?
The amount of energy that must be put in to initiate a reaction.
What is activation energy?
This cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.
What is an element?
These weak bonds form between water molecules, giving water its unique properties like high surface tension and the ability to resist temperature changes.
What are hydrogen bonds?
Name the three structures carbon primarily forms.
What are straight chains, branched chains, and rings?
Draw the symbol that is used to indicate a reaction is reversible.
When a catalyst is present, _________ activation energy is needed to start a chemical reaction.
What is less?
What determines the number of covalent bonds that an atom can form?
What are unpaired valence electrons?
This property of water allows it to stick to other surfaces, helping water travel up plant stems in a process called capillary action.
What is adhesion?
What kind of bond links amino acid monomers together in a protein polymer?
What are peptide bonds?
The _______________ of the reactants and products determines whether energy will be released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
What are "relative energy levels"?
Explain the sweet tea analogy in terms of solutes and solvents. Is the solution homogenous?
Sugar is the solute, water is the solvent. The solution is homogenous.
This type of bond forms when one atom donates electrons to another atom, creating charged particles while this other type of bond forms when atoms share electrons.
What are ionic and covalent bonds? Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating ions. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to fill their own electron shells.
This property of water allows it to dissolve many substances, earning it the nickname 'the universal solvent,' which is crucial for transporting nutrients and waste in living organisms.
What is water's polarity? Water's polar nature allows it to dissolve many polar substances, making it essential for biological processes like nutrient transport.
List the monomers for each of the four macromolecules. Also list an example for each of the macromolecules.
What are monosaccharides, fatty acid and glycerol, amino acids, and nucleotides? Carbohydrates: sugar, cellulose, glycogen, starch. Lipids: fats, oils, waxes, hormones. Proteins: enzymes, beta-carotene, keratin, biotin. Nucleic acids: DNA or RNA.
The term equilibrium is based on two Latin roots that mean “equal” and “balance.” How do these meanings tell you the meaning of equilibrium in a chemical reaction?
What is "At equilibrium, the reactants and products form at an equal rate. The reaction is balanced between the reactants and products."
What are acids and bases?
In your body, this type of bond is responsible for forming the structure of salt (NaCl), which dissolves in your bloodstream and helps transmit nerve signals. In contrast, the bond that holds the atoms of water together allows it to remain stable in your cells and participate in vital biological reactions. Identify both types of bonds and explain how they function differently in biological systems.
What are ionic bonds and covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds in salt (NaCl) dissolve in water, releasing ions that are crucial for transmitting nerve signals. Covalent bonds, like those in water (H2O), involve sharing electrons and help water maintain its structure and function as a solvent in biological reactions.
These properties of water, resulting from hydrogen bonding, not only allow plants to transport water from roots to leaves through capillary action but also help regulate Earth's climate by minimizing temperature fluctuations in large bodies of water. Name the property and explain how it enables both of these processes. (Hint: 2 separate properties, name them both)
What is high specific heat and cohesion? High specific heat allows water to absorb and release large amounts of heat without drastically changing temperature, helping regulate climate. Cohesion, due to hydrogen bonds, enables capillary action in plants by allowing water molecules to stick together as they move upward against gravity
Which macromolecule is primarily involved in the disease diabetes? Explain how this macromolecule contributes to symptoms related to the disease.
What are carbohydrates? Sugars are examples of carbohydrates, and it relates directly to diabetes. Those with diabetes have problems managing blood sugar due to dysfunction in insulin production from their pancreas.
This type of reaction absorbs energy from its surroundings, often leading to a decrease in temperature, while the other type releases energy, resulting in an increase in temperature. In cellular processes, the first type is often involved in photosynthesis, while the second type occurs during cellular respiration. What are these two types of reactions called? (2 answers)
What are endothermic and exothermic reactions?
What is the lock-and-key model?
In this model the enzyme acts as a lock and the substrate acts as a key. The substrate (key) binds to the active sites of the enzyme (lock). The substrates are brought closer together and their bonds are weakened, which lowers the amount of activation energy necessary for the reaction to occur. This also results in increased reaction rate!