the Enlightenment Period
This Enlightenment idea argued that people have basic rights like life, liberty, and property.
What are natural rights?
This estate paid almost all the taxes in France before the Revolution, even though it had the least wealth.
Who is the third estate?
This device became the symbol of the Radical Revolution because it was used to execute thousands of people.
What is the guillotine?
Napoleon first became well-known in France for his success in this profession before entering politics.
What is a military general?
This term describes France’s social class system before the Revolution, divided into three groups: clergy, nobles, and commoners.
What is the Estates System (Three Estates)?
This English philosopher wrote Two Treatises of Government and believed governments should protect people’s rights.
Who is John Locke?
Formed in June 1789, this new government was created by the Third Estate after breaking away from the Estates-General to write a constitution and limit the king’s power.
What is the National Assembly?
This period from 1793–1794 saw mass executions, censorship, and the use of terror to eliminate “enemies of the Revolution.”
What is the Reign of Terror?
In 1804, Napoleon strengthened his rule by giving himself this powerful title.
What is Emperor?
This form of government allows a king or queen to have complete control over laws, taxes, and the military, with no limits on their power.
What is absolute monarchy?
This Enlightenment thinker argued for separation of powers in government, influencing the U.S. Constitution.
Who is Montesquieu?
On July 14, 1789, Parisian crowds attacked this fortress-prison to seize gunpowder and weapons, marking the symbolic beginning of the French Revolution.
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
In 1792, fearing that the French Revolution would spread and threaten their own monarchies, European powers took action, leading France to enter this conflict.
What is the war against Austria and Prussia or Revolutionary Wars
This code of laws created by Napoleon standardized laws across France and influenced legal systems around the world.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
In 1793, the revolutionaries replaced France’s constitutional monarchy with this new form of government, which claimed to represent the people.
What is a republic?
This powerful institution was strongly criticized by Enlightenment thinkers for limiting free thought and controlling knowledge.
What is the Catholic Church?
During the National Assembly stage, this document was written to guarantee natural rights such as liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
What is the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
This event in January 1793 shocked Europe and marked a turning point toward extreme radicalism in France.
What is the execution of King Louis XVI?
This failed 1812 invasion marked the beginning of Napoleon’s downfall due to harsh winter conditions and scorched-earth tactics.
What is the invasion of Russia?
In 1799, Napoleon first took power through a military takeover of the Directory (revolutionary government).
What is a coup d’état?
This concept from Rousseau suggests that people agree to form a government and give it some power in exchange for protection.
What is the social contract?
In 1789, members of the Third Estate took this famous oath, promising not to leave until they wrote a new constitution for France.
What is the tennis court oath?
In July 1794, this leader of the Reign of Terror was arrested by fellow revolutionaries and executed by guillotine, bringing the Radical stage to an end.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
After escaping exile and returning to power for 100 days, Napoleon was finally defeated at this 1815 battle.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
This word means a government where a king’s power is limited by a constitution or laws.
What is a constitutional monarchy?