Politics and Reform
This constitutional amendment (ratified in 1920) granted women the legal right to vote. Name it.
19th Amendment
The process that made steel production faster and cheaper in the late 1800s, helping industrial growth (named after its inventor’s method).
Bessemer process
A factor that sends people out of their home country (example: famine, persecution). What is this called?
Push factor
A group formed by workers to bargain for better wages and conditions is called a what?
Union
This civil rights organization worked to fight discrimination and legal inequality for Black Americans.
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Name the Progressive-era reform process that allows voters to remove an elected official before the end of their term.
Recall
Define horizontal integration
Horizontal integration is when a company buys or merges with competitors making the same product to control more of the market.
A factor that encourages immigrants to the United States (example: factory jobs, land). What is this called?
Pull factor
Name one labor organization that organized workers and was called the Wobblies
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Name the Black leader from the review sheet who believed in vocational training and working within the system to gain economic power.
Booker T. Washington
This Wisconsin governor and Progressive leader promoted direct primaries and regulation of railroads
Robert La Follette
This federal law aimed to limit combinations of companies that restrained trade and created monopolies during the Gilded Age; name it.
Sherman Antitrust Act
Name one law or agreement from the review sheet that limited immigration from a specific country or group.
Chinese Exclusion Act
Describe one tactic labor unions used to try to improve conditions (give one concrete example).
Strikes — workers stopped working to pressure employers for higher wages or safer conditions; other tactics: boycotts and collective bargaining.
Name the Black leader from the review sheet who advocated for full civil rights immediately and helped found the NAACP.
W. E. B. Du Bois
This campaigner led national suffrage organizing after the earlier decades of the movement and helped push for a “winning plan” to win the vote state-by-state and nationally.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Give two effects of monopolies or trusts on consumers or small businesses in the late 19th century.
Examples — higher prices for consumers; smaller firms driven out of business; reduced competition and fewer choices.
Describe one hardship that many immigrants faced living in urban tenements (include at least one detail).
Overcrowded, unsanitary conditions — examples: shared toilets, poor ventilation, risk of disease, and frequent fires.
Explain one cause and one effect of a major strike or labor conflict during industrialization (briefly).
Cause — low pay and dangerous working conditions;
Effect — violent clashes in some strikes, public attention to working conditions, and sometimes laws improving labor protections.
What was a “racial terror lynching,” and explain one effect this had on Black communities during this era.
Racial terror lynching = extrajudicial killing of Black people used to enforce white supremacy;
Effect — terrorized communities, suppressed voting and political participation, and pushed Black migration north.
Explain one specific goal of the Temperance Movement and name one way Progressives linked temperance to broader social reform.
Goal — reduce alcohol consumption to lower crime and family abuse;
Link — Progressives argued that temperance would improve family stability and worker productivity.
Explain how the Bessemer process plus horizontal integration together helped create the large corporations of the Gilded Age (use two clear points).
The Bessemer process lowered steel costs and increased production; horizontal integration let companies buy competitors to control supply and prices — together they let firms grow large, reduce costs, and dominate industries.
Explain the difference between acculturation and assimilation, and give a short example of acculturation from the late 19th / early 20th century.
Acculturation = adopting some cultural traits of a new society while keeping original traditions (e.g., immigrants learning English while keeping traditional foods). Assimilation = fully adopting the host culture and losing many original cultural traits. Example: immigrant communities keeping their language and festivals while children attend American schools and speak English.
Define “mutualista” as used in immigrant communities and explain how it helped workers or immigrants.
Mutualista = mutual aid society (often in Mexican or other immigrant communities) providing insurance, legal help, medical support, and financial aid during illness or strikes.
Explain what civil service reform aimed to fix during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, and give one specific law or reform (named in the review sheet or era) that helped reduce patronage or corruption in government.
Civil service reform aimed to fix the patronage system (also called the “spoils system”), where government jobs were given to political supporters rather than qualified workers. Reform sought to make hiring and promotion based on merit, testing, and qualifications to reduce corruption and increase government efficiency. One specific law that helped reduce patronage was the Pendleton Civil Service Act (passed in 1883), which established competitive exams for many federal jobs and created a merit-based civil service.