Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord are part of the.....
central nervous system
What structures in the body release hormones?
glands
State the definition of homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions
What is the main muscle used for ventilation at rest?
Diaphragm
__________ lowers blood sugar when too high and _________ raises blood sugar when it is too low.
insulin; glucagon
The sympathetic nervous system __________ heart rate, ________ coronary arteries, and _________ contraction force of the heart.
increases, dilate, increases
____________ is chemical messengers that travel through the blood to carry out their function.
hormones
Homeostasis is regulated by what kind of mechanism
negative feedback
What is cardiac ouput?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x Stroke Volume)
During inhalation the diaphragm _________, lung volume _________, and pressure in the lungs ________.
contracts, increases, decreases
What is measured by a baroreceptor?
blood pressure
Hormones are regulated by what mechanism?
negative feedback loop
Name at least two body systems involved in maintaining homeostasis
endocrine, nervous, muscular, cardiovascular
Describe the difference between tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume.
TV= breath in and out at rest
IRV= maximum inhale after tidal volume
Which one of these stimulates an increase in ventilation as exercise begins?
Decreasing blood pH, decreasing blood adrenaline levels, decreasing blood carbon dioxide levels, OR decreasing blood oxygen levels.
decreasing blood pH
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
involuntary functions
Hormones are divided into what two categories?
Steroid and nonsteroid
The bodies responses to environment depend on what what:
temperature, humidity , altitude
Systolic= pressure on arteries at ventricular contraction
Diastolic= pressure on arteries at ventricular relaxation
Explain what it means when blood acidity is low and high and how the body responds.
low (normal pH)- decrease ventilation
high (low pH acidic)- increase ventilation
What is an example of something chemoreceptors detect?
blood sugar, blood acidity
Which hormone stimulates the process of glycogenolysis?
Name two adaptations to high altitude
RBC concentration increases, oxygen delivery in the body increases, increase capillary density, breathing rate and depth increase
Describe the concept of cardiac drift.
When HR has to increase due to stroke volume platueing due to fluid loss (sweating causing a decrease in blood volume) in order to maintain the same cardiac output.
State one effect of each of the following hormones: epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
epinephrine- increase HR, BP, pupils dilate
estrogen- increased joint laxity, shift in fuel utilization
progesterone- increase body temp, increased fatigue (sleep)
Testosterone- increase bone formation and muscle mass