ratified in 1788
This article describes the power of the judicial branch.
What is III?
It's not in the Constitution, and presidents Obama and Trump don't like it, but this traditional rule requires that 60 votes in the Senate are needed to advance a bill.
What is a filibuster?
Throughout Federalist 70, Hamilton is referencing executive powers in this article of the Constitution.
What is Article II?
According to Article II, Section 2, the President of the United States has this military power.
What is Commander-in-Chief?
This part of government has "the power of the purse" and controls the budget.
What is Congress?
This element of the Constitution ratified in 1791 clarified that states can make individual choices regarding laws, and thus allowed for a lot of pluralism - the idea that different groups have different ideas - as articulated in Federalist 10.
What is the 10th Amendment?
This is the formal, and appropriate, title for the person in charge of overseeing 435 lawmakers.
What is the Speaker of the House?
Hamilton is likely referring to this Constitutional clause when he writes that a decisive executive "is essential to the protection of the community against foreign attacks."
What is commander-in-chief?
In 1941, President Roosevelt asked that this political institution "declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December seventh, nineteen forty one, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire."
What is Congress?
Presidential power was checked by the judicial branch in this 1952 instance, when President Truman tried to take over these to support the effort in the Korean War.
What are steel mills?
In part because the Framers of the Constitution and Hamilton, in Federalist 70, intended the executive branch to be led one person, the President has this informal power to siginficantly sway public opinion.
What is the bully pulpit?
These two landmark laws - one in 1964, and one in 1972, address discrimination, and the environment, respectively.
What are the Civil Rights Act and the Clean Water (or Air) Act?
In Federalist 70 Hamilton mentions checks on the presidency. He is likely thinking of this four word phrase, highlighted in the Declaration of Independece by Thomas Jefferson, when he writes that the "ingredient which constitutes safety in the republican sense is, first, a due dependence on the people."
What is consent of the governed?
In 2020, U.S. Senator Chris Murphy told The Hill that this action by President Trump was completed "without any congressional authorization" and could "set off a potential massive regional war.”
What is the assasination of Iranian General Soleimani?
If President Obama was able to do this in the last eight months of his term, the Supreme Court may not have ruled 4-4 that his executive order to grant citizenship to 5 million undocumented immigrants was unconstitutional.
What is appoint a new Supreme Court Justice?
Presidents FDR and George W. Bush received near unanimous approval to conduct war against Japan and Afghanistan, respectively, thanks to the "declare war" clause in this article and section of the Constitution.
What is Article I, Section 8?
The Infrastructure Bill of 2021 passed the House and the Senate 69–30. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 passed the Senate by simple majority 51 - 50 because of this Senate rule.
What is budget reconciliation, or a law about the budget?
Hamilton admits that some may think "a vigorous Executive is inconsistent with the genius of republican government," because they are concerned about this.
What is dictatorship, or tyranny?
This 1973 law was passed to insure "that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities," according to the Nixon Presidential Center.
What is the War Powers Resolution, or Act?
This word is used to describe the majority (61%) of the annual government budget that includes such necessary and expected payouts as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid.
What is mandatory?
Much of the power of the Office of the Presidency is based on this clause included in the first sentence of Article II, Section 1.
What is the vesting clause?
"The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States."
In the complex lawmaking process, these two terms refer to an ammendment to a law that provides benefits such as jobs to a specific district or state, and the act of compromise through trading votes.
What are "earmarks" and "logrolling"?
In Federalist 70, Hamilton wrote that these four words (including prepositions) are "essential to the protection of the community against foreign attacks; it is not less essential to the steady administration of the law, to the protection of property against those irregular and high-handed combinations which sometimes interrupt the ordinary course of justice."
What is "energy in the executive"?
One of the most successful U.S. generals in American history, this president warned of the growing military bureaucracy following World War II and the Korean War. In his farewell address, he said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."
Who is Eisenhower?
What is democracy and republic?