Chapter 5
Identify the anatomical relationships between the following:
Ant/Post - Spine
Sup/Inf - Sternum and tibia
Lat/Med - Hand
Prox/Dist - Clavicle and wrist
Spine - posterior
Sternum is superior to tibia
Hand - lateral to trunk
Wrist is distal to clavicle
What creates movement?
Muscle contraction
What functions do sensory, motor, and inter neurons serve?
Sensory - detects conditions in the environment and body
Motor - carry instructions to the body
Inter - connect the two
What are the receptors involved in the special senses?
Photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors.
What are voltage-gated channels regulated by? What about Ligand-gated channels?
Voltage-gated channels - trans-membrane voltage changes (ions)
Ligand-gated channels - chemically regulated (neurotransmitters)
What are the key body cavities? Where are they located? Can you name an organ housed in each one?
Dorsal cavity - head, contains brain
Thoracic cavity - chest, contains lungs and heart
Abdominopelvic cavity - abdomen/pelvis, contains stomach and intestines
Explain how long bones grow.
Long bones grow from the ends, or epiphyses. They're like trees.
What forms of protection does the CNS have?
Meninges (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater), skull, CS fluid, vertebral column
What are the 5 categories of taste?
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami
Name the notable cranial bones are indicate where they're located.
Frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone, maxillae, and mandible
Which muscular tissue type uses gap junctions?
Cardiac muscular tissue
What is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts build up the mineral source in the bones.
Osteoclasts break down the calcium storage in bones to be released back into the bloodstream.
What response does the sympathetic NS regulate? What response does the parasympathetic NS regulate? Where in the spinal cord do these responses stem from?
Sympathetic NS - fight/flight, thoracic/lumbar regions
Parasympathetic NS - rest/digest, cranial/sacral
Which lobes are the special senses processed in?
Taste and smell - parietal lobe
Hearing - temporal
Vision - occipital
What are the key differences between the muscular tissue types?
Skeletal - makes up muscles, highly organized, stabilizes trunk, striated, multi-nucleated, voluntary movement
Smooth - lines blood vessels and digestive tract, tapered ends, not striated, involuntary movement
Cardiac - heart muscle, gap junctions, involuntary movement, striated, branched cells
Can you name every organ system?
Integumentary, skeletomuscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic
Why is complete immobilization not the best idea while healing from a bone bone?
Stress and weight-bearing help your bones grow. Stress stimulates bone deposition, which strengthens your bone.
What structures and functions are housed in the diencephalon?
The hypothalamus and thalamus are housed in the diencephalon. Visual/auditory startle reflexes, circadian rhythm, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and smooth muscle contraction are regulated by the diencephalon.
What are the differences between mechanical and neurological hearing loss?
Mechanical - Sound is poorly conducted from the outer ear to the inner ear
Neurological - Sound is either not detected by the cochlear nerves or the nerve impulse isn't transmitted to the brain
What are the different types of visual impairments?
Nearsightedness - can see near things clearly, but far things are unclear. This is caused by a longer than normal eye.
Farsightedness - can see far things clearly, but near things are unclear. This is caused by a shorter than normal eye.
Astigmatism - some areas of sight are focused and others are unfocused. This is caused by an imperfectly shaped cornea.
List all 8 forms of connective tissue in the lecture slides. Give an example of where you'd find each.
Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, and adipose tissue
What are the axial and appendicular skeletons made up of?
Axial - Cranial/facial bones, hyoid bone, ribs, vertebral column
Appendicular - Pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna) and pelvic girdle (pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula)
Explain what happens in the reflex arc. Give a few examples of what triggers the reflex arc.
In the reflex arc, signals stop at the spinal cord, rather than traveling all the way to the brain. Sensory receptors pick up on a signal and send it through sensory neurons. Those neurons go through interneurons in the spinal cord, which creates a response. That response is sent through motor neurons, and ends up with the effector that acts on the response.
Sharp pain and the patella reflex are examples of what would go through the reflex arc.
What are the two types of equilibrium? Explain how they work.
Dynamic - detects movement in your head. Uses the ampullary nerves and cupulae to detect movement.
Static - responds to gravity and tells you which way is down. Uses otoliths to tell where the pull of gravity is coming from.
Walk through the path of vision.
Light enters the eye through the pupil and is refracted by the lens. That light then hits the retina and is processed back to front (cones/rods -> bipolar cells -> ganglionic cells) and sent through the optic nerve to the brain.