GONIOMETRY
What is a Goniometer used for in a clinical sports medicine evaluation?
Measuring precise joint angles and Range of Motion (ROM)
The Anterior Drawer Test of the ankle primarily evaluates the integrity of the:
Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)
Which two bones form the distal malleoli that prevent medial and lateral translation of the talus?
Tibia (medial) and Fibula (lateral)
Which lateral ankle ligament is the MOST frequently injured in an acute inversion sprain with plantarflexion?
Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL)
What percentage of the normal walking gait cycle is made up of the STANCE phase?
60%
The two main structural arms of a standard goniometer are the:
Stationary arm (with body/dial) and Movement arm
A positive Anterior Drawer Test is indicated by:
Forward sliding of the foot/talus off the tibia, pain, or an audible clunking sound
The patella is classified as which specific type of bone, embedded within the quadriceps tendon to increase mechanical leverage?
Sesamoid bone
The primary fan-shaped ligamentous complex supporting the MEDIAL aspect of the ankle joint is the:
An individual with flat feet or collapsed arches is clinically described as having:
PES PLANUS
What is the expected NORMAL value for Ankle Dorsiflexion range of motion?
20 degrees
Performing the Talar Tilt Test with EVERSION stress specifically tests the integrity of the:
Deltoid Ligament
How many tarsal bones are located in the human foot and ankle complex?
7
Ligaments connect:
BONE TO BONE
An individual presenting with abnormally high, rigid arches is clinically categorized as having:
PES CAVUS
When measuring Ankle Dorsiflexion or Plantarflexion, where should the FULCRUM (center) of the goniometer be placed?
Over the Lateral Malleolus
Kleiger's Test (External Rotation Test) assesses for damage to which structures?
Deltoid Ligament and Distal Ankle Syndesmosis (High Ankle Sprain)
Which anatomical landmark on the calcaneus acts as a shelf to support the talus and serves as an important soft tissue palpation point?
Sustentaculum Tali
An athlete sustains a Grade 3 lateral ankle sprain. Which combination of ligaments is completely torn in this severe injury?
ATFL, CFL, and PTFL
Examining an athlete's athletic shoes reveals heavy, concentrated wear along the INSIDE edge of the sole. This shoe wear pattern indicates:
When measuring Ankle Dorsiflexion, the MOVING ARM of the goniometer is aligned parallel to the:
5th Metatarsal (5th Ray)
How is a Tuning Fork utilized as a clinical special test for suspecting a bone fracture?
Tap the fork to vibrate and place the stem directly over the suspected fracture site to look for localized pain
In foot anatomy, what does a "ray" refer to when aligning moving arms for goniometric measurements?
A metatarsal bone and its corresponding toe phalanges
Why are eversion ankle sprains significantly LESS common than inversion ankle sprains?
The lateral malleolus extends further distally than the medial malleolus, providing a bony block to eversion
What percentage of the normal walking gait cycle is represented by the SWING phase?
40%