CHAPTER 2: “The local school district in American law"
what is political subdivision
Under formal local government law, school districts are described as "creatures," "delegates," and "agents" of the state, operating without independent constitutional rights against their state and constrained by Dillon's Rule
What year was this program created
2026
What year was the school safety task force created?
2020
Has judiciary and education reform increased or decreased over the years?
In what supreme court case was it ruled that education is not a fundamental/constitutional right, therefore is not entitled to federal funding?
San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1972)
What is San Antonio independent School District v Rodriguez
A 1973 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld Texas's local property tax–based financing system, ruling that the state's interest in preserving "local control" justified inter-district spending disparities
While SROs carry standard patrol equipment, the MOU explicitly prohibits them from carrying or wearing this specific piece of recording technology while on CHCCS property
A body-worn camera
In what part of the school buildings did students say they felt the most unsafe?
Explain what the NC Parents’ Bill of Rights is.
The North Carolina Parents’ Bill of Rights is a state law passed in 2023 (Senate Bill 49) that gives parents additional legal rights and information about their children’s education, health, privacy, and safety. It applies to public school units and also includes provisions affecting other educational settings.
In what supreme court case was it ruled that the Fourth Amendment, which protects people from unreasonable search and seizure, does still apply to school campuses?
New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
What is Milliken V. Bradley
In 1974 The Supreme Court struck down a cross-district busing plan between Detroit and 53 suburban districts, holding that independent school district lines cannot be casually ignored unless the suburban districts themselves committed constitutional violations
What is level I-III misconduct?
Includes tardiness, classroom disruptions, and fights between two students with no injuries
Did students say they preferred speaking to an SRO about safety concerns, or a teacher or admin first?
While students generally viewed SROs positively, they overwhelmingly preferred approaching teachers, counselors, or administrators before speaking to an SRO about safety concerns
What was the “Lemon test” that arose from the landmark supreme court case Lemon v. Kurtzman?
The Lemon test came from the 1971 Supreme Court case Lemon v. Kurtzman. It was a test used to determine whether a government law or policy violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which limits government involvement with religion.
Which supreme court case ruled that teachers are seen as government employees, and therefore cannot teach religion in public school classrooms because it is violating the separation between church and state?
Engel v. Vital (1963)
What is the 11th amendment
The Eleventh Amendment protects state governments from being sued in federal court by citizens of another state or a foreign country
Do SRO'S have access to confidential school records? If no, what is the exception?
Health/safety emergency, parental consent, or explicit "school official" designation)
The report came up with 5 distinct SRO program options to the Board, and district recommended narrowing focus down to these two specific options
Options 1 and 2: maintaining SRO presence, while strengthening non-policy safety measures and reports
What was the outcome of the Leandro case?
Leandro established that education in North Carolina is not simply a policy preference—it is a constitutional right.The case also created a major debate over who has the authority to decide how that right should be fulfilled: the courts, the legislature, or education officials.
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)?
The court allowed the Amish to not follow compulsory attendance until 16 years, as this was in violation of the Amish religion and the 1st Amendment.
In what ways do some states decentralize power away from traditional local school boards to other entities?
- allowing charter schools to be approved by the state board or universities rather than the local district
- authorizing site based management councils composed of parents and teachers at individual schools
- transferring governance of urban school districts to the office of the Mayor
What is included in the mandatory training course requirements for the SRO'S
Crisis Intervention Training (CIT) certification, active shooter response, racial equity, restorative practices, de-escalation, and juvenile sensitivity training
Across students of all backgrounds, what percent said that SRO's treat students well and they feel safe?
79.4%
RANDOM: First 7 digits of Pi
3.1415927
What was the outcome of the Supreme Court case US v. Lopez (1995)?
Congress and the federal government do not have the ability to ban guns in school zones. Instead, gun control policies are determined by the state legislature.