Absolutism and Enlightenment
What two ideological sectors did the Enlightenment challenge?
Religion and science
The 3rd estate
Which country in Latin America was under Portuguese control before achieving independence?
Brazil
What are the two countries that were positively impacted by nationalism in the 19th century, with these movements led by Otto von Bismark and Giuseppi Garibaldi?
Italy and Germany
What is ONE reason that the Ottoman Empire began to decline in the 19th century?
- Empire grew too large in size to control
- Empire did not modernize alongside other European nations
- Ineffective leaders
- Too many cultures and ethnicities who began to desire independence from the Ottoman Empire
Who was the monarch of France who was married to Marie Antoinette?
King Louis XVI
Who was the former French military general who stepped into power in France in the early 1800s, leading many conquests across Europe?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Why is Simon Bolivar known as "the Liberator"?
He is responsible for helping multiple Latin American countries gain their independence from Spanish colonial rule.
What was ONE goal of the Congress of Vienna?
- To redraw boundaries in Europe
- To restore the balance of power in Europe
- To bring kings back into power
What was the name of the device used to decapitate perceived threats to the new French Republic during the Reign of Terror?
The guillotine
Who is the Enlightenment thinker that advocated for natural rights?
John Locke
Who was the radical leader of the Reign of Terror, who ultimately ended up getting executed himself?
Maximilien Robespierre
Who was the leader of the Haitian Revolution who is also credited with leading the abolition of slavery in Haiti?
Toussaint Louverture
Which two empires receded as a result of nationalistic sentiments in the 19th century?
The Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Empire
Who was the monarch of France known as "the Sun King"?
King Louis XIV
What key figures from the scientific revolution is credited with the creation of the heliocentric theory (AKA that the sun is the center of our universe)?
Nicolaus Copernicus
What was the name of the group compromised of the 3rd estate that broke away from the Estates General, and held the Tennis Court Oath?
The National Assembly
Who is the Catholic priest that launched a rebellion against Spanish rule in Mexico with his famous "Grito de Dolores", calling for an end to Spanish colonial control?
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Define nationalism:
Loyalty and devotion to one's country, coupled with pride in one's history and culture
What was the gist of Otto von Bismark's "Blood and Iron" policy?
To unify German states through military force and technological might versus diplomacy
An absolute monarch who uses Enlightenment ideas to implement reform in their country while still maintaining absolute central authority
What was the name of the radical group that advocated for a new French Republic during the Reign of Terror? (HINT: Robespierre was a part of this group)
The Jacobins
Jose de San Martin is known as the protector of WHAT Latin America country? (HINT: Simon Bolivar helped him liberate this country)
Peru
What was the name of the Italian military leader who assembled a volunteer army known as the Red Shirts in an effort to unify northern and southern Italy under one absolute ruler?
Giuseppe Garibaldi
What is the country in Latin America that did not obtain their independence from the Dutch until the 1960s?
Guyana