Perception
This perceptual process relies primarily on sensory information rather than prior knowledge or expectations.
What is bottom-up processing?
This shortcut in decision-making can lead to errors due to quick judgment based on mental "rules of thumb."
What is a heuristic?
Grouping information together, such as dividing phone numbers, to make it easier to remember, is known as this process.
What is chunking?
This part of short-term memory is concerned with materials we are currently thinking about, manipulating, and considering.
What is working memory?
Developed by Ebbinghaus, this shows how memory fades rapidly after learning but stabilizes over time.
What is the forgetting curve?
This effect, observed in a loud environment, explains why a person can still focus on hearing their name among background noise.
What is the cocktail party effect?
Overestimating the likelihood of vivid memories that come to mind quickly, even if they're rare.
What is the availability heuristic?
Using ROYGBIV to remember the colors of the rainbow is an example of this.
What is a mnemonic device?
This process, involving connecting new material to what we already know, helps strengthen storage in long-term memory.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
This retrieval failure occurs when you’re unable to recall a piece of information but have a strong feeling that it’s just beyond reach, often recalling partial information about the memory.
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
The inability to notice environmental differences due to lack of attention is known by this term.
Change Blindness.
This term refers to the error of expecting a different outcome after a long sequence of similar outcomes, like expecting a "heads" after flipping several "tails" in a row.
Studying, or encoding, done like this is more effective than cramming.
What is spacing?
This is the capacity of short-term memory.
What is 7, plus or minus 2.
You are unable to recall a neighbor's name because you were distracted when she first told it.
What is an encoding failure?
A mental framework that helps us interpret sensory information, often shaping our expectations.
What is a schema?
This concept explains why people continue investing in a failing decision due to prior investments of time or resources.
What is the sunk-cost fallacy?
On the following list, these two items are the most likely to be remembered: bat / swamp / soap / hawk / bird
Recalling information is easier when in the same environment as when it was learned, an effect known by this term.
What is context-dependent memory?
This type of interference happens when old information blocks the recall of new information.
What is proactive interference?
This principle, proposed by Gestalt psychology, allows us to see parts as wholes, like seeing a circle in a series of dashes.
What is closure?
This thinking obstacle explains why you did not attempt to use a brick to hammer in a nail.
What is functional fixedness?
This technique involves mentally visualizing a familiar location and placing new information within that setting to enhance memory.
What is method of loci?
This, the neural basis of memory, includes a persistent increase in synaptic firing?
What is long-term potentiation?
Telling a childhood memory to your friends that turned out to actually be the plot of a movie is an example of this memory failure.
What is source amnesia?