Joints
Muscle Tissue
Muscular System
The Blood
The Heart
Blood Vessels
100
List the structural and functional joint classifications that a Syndesmosis belongs to.
Functional Classification: Amphiarthrosis – syndesmoses are interosseous membranes between certain long bones. They require some movement, but it is limited.
Structural Classification: Fibrous – Interosseous membranes are made up of fibrous connective tissue.
100
Which two types of muscle are involuntarily controlled?
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
100
What 3 muscles are in the Hamstrings group?
What are the 4 muscles in the Abdominals group?
Hamstrings: Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
Abdominals: Rectus Abdominis, Transverse Abdominis, Internal Oblique, External Oblique
100
What is the normal physiological pH range of the blood?
7.35-7.45
100
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
Provides a supply of oxygenated blood to the walls of the heart.
100
Which blood vessels control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Arterioles
Muscular arteries
200
The joint between the Trapezium and 1st Metacarpal exemplifies what synovial joint type?
Saddle Joint
200
What are the 3 deep fascia layers of muscle? What does each cover?
1. Epimysium – covers entire muscle
2. Perimysium – Surrounds fascicles
3. Endomysium – Surrounds individual muscle fibers
200
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
200
What three proteins are found in blood? What are their functions?
Albumins – transport lipid hormones
Globulins – antibodies
Fibrinogen – clotting factor
200
What vessels bring blood to the Right atrium?
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
200
Which blood vessels contain the largest volume of blood at rest?
Systemic veins & venules
300
List three functions of synovial fluid.
Lubrication of joints
Reduce friction between structures
Supply nutrients
Remove waste products
Phagocytosis of microbes & debris
300
The part of a sarcomere that contains only thin filaments.
I-band
300
Which fascicle arrangement is more powerful: parallel or pennate? Why?
Pennate – Contains more fascicles than parallel
*Parallel has the greater range of motion
300
What molecule is responsible for the red color of red blood cells?
Hemoglobin – It contains the iron-containing compound heme
300
What are the tendon-like chords that connect to the cusps of AV valves?
Chordae tendineae
300
What layers make up the tunica interna in arteries?
Endothelium
Basement membrane
internal elastic membrane
400
Name 3 factors that affect the movement of synovial joints.
The structure and shape of bones involved in joint
Strength & tension of ligaments
Arrangments of tendon and muscles
Opposing soft parts –ie. size of muscles or amount of fat
Hormones
Disuse
400
Fluid-filled, membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril and stores Ca2+.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
400
Latissimus Dorsi is a muscle named after what characteristic?
Size – Latissimus means "widest"
400
A clinical test that measures the percentage of total blood volume is made up by red blood cells.
Hematocrit
400
What layer of the heart contains the visceral serous pericardium and also blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that supply the heart?
Epicardium
400
What is the thickest layer in arteries? Veins?
Arteries – Tunica Media; It contains a thick muscle layer and the external elastic lamina
Veins – Tunica Externa; Contains a thick layer of dense irregular and areolar CT
500
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints? Provide one example of each.
1. Fibrous – gomphosis, syndesmosis
2. Cartilaginous – synchrondrosis, symphysis
3. Synovial – Hip joint
500
What neurotransmitter is released from neurons to stimulate an action potential in muscle fibers?
Acetylcholine
500
Which lever type is the most common in the body?
3rd class lever
500
The precursor of platelets
Megakaryocytes
500
What is the order in which electrical activity is passed in the heart?
Sinoatrial Node
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)
Left and Right Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
500
What are the largest arteries in the body?
Elastic arteries
600
What type of movement is occurring? In the photo, at which joint is pronation occurring?
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Pronation
The radioulnar joint – it is not the elbow joint! The elbow only allows for flexion and extension of the arm. Only the radius can rotate the arm.
600
What enzyme has a crucial role in muscle relaxation?
Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) – this enzyme sits in the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction, and it breaks down acetylcholine to stop action potential propagation.
600
Which lever type produces the most force?
2nd class lever
600
An agranular leukocyte that performs phagocytosis once it transforms into a macrophage.
Monocyte
600
What causes the "lubb" and "dupp" sounds the heart makes?
The "lubb" sound is from the AV valves closing
The "dupp" sound is the SL valves closing
600
Why do capillaries only contain endothelium and a basement membrane?
To help with the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissues.