Post-Reconstruction
This Amendment Abolished Slavery.
13th Amendment
Linked the East and West coasts of the U.S. and was completed in 1869.
Connected raw materials to factories and factories to consumers.
Played a key role in the settlement of the West
Transcontinental Railroad
An organization of workers that promotes safer working conditions, higher wages, and fewer hours of work ("eight hours for work; eight hours for sleep; eight hours for what we will")
Union
Immigration up until 1880.
Most immigrants during this time period came from Northern Europe
"Old Immigrants"
Began on the largest human migrations in history as a half-million people descended upon California in search of wealth.
The Gold Rush (1848)
Name the system where an individual was provided with credit for seed, tools, etc. and received an agreed share of the value of the crop minus charges.
The charges were exceptionally high & thus the individual lived in a state of permanent debt and poverty.
Sharecropping
This process made steel production more economical.
Bessemer Process
Knights of Labor
Immigration after 1880 until approx. 1920
Most immigrants during this time period came from Southern & Eastern Europe (Poland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, and Russia)
"New Immigrants"
In 1862, it was passed into law
Any US citizen or intended US citizen could file an application with the government
If accepted, the person would receive 160 acres of government land
They had to live on the land for five years, build a home, and grow crops
After five years, they could file for the deed to the land by submitting proof of living there and making improvements to the land
Encouraged westward expansion
The Homestead Act (1862)
Supreme Court decision in 1896 that upheld segregation.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Taking Darwin's suggestions of the survival of the fittest this idea believed that those on top in the business world were there because they were the fittest.
The rich had survived the battle of the marketplace because they were the best.
Believed that the strong must dominate weaker groups.
Social Darwinism
Samuel Gompers limited his goals to winning improved wages and working conditions for workers, higher pay, and an 8-hour work day.
He wanted closed shops or businesses that only hired union members.
Bread & Butter Unionism
Believed that people of other races, religions, and nationalities were physically and culturally inferior.
Nativism
From 1830 to 1890, federal and state governments followed a policy of pushing Native American tribes from the traditional lands onto these in the West
These were often smaller lands than the tribe's previous lands and consisted of undesirable land.
Native Americans were traditionally hunters, not farmers.
These were often smaller than the lands from which the tribe was removed, and frequently consisted of undesirable land
Reservation System
Allowed poor whites to vote by allowing anyone whose ancestors had voted before the Civil War to vote without a test or tax.
Grandfather clauses
Andrew Carnegie's belief that the rich should use their wealth to benefit society.
Encouraging charitable contributions and philanthropy.
"Gospel of Wealth"
Occured in New York City in 1911.
145 women died because the factory doors had been bolted shut from the outside
Soon after the fire, Congress passed legislation favorable to unions.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Law passed in 1882 which banned all chinese immigration.
The invention of this by Mr. Glidden led to the end of the cattle drives.
Barbed Wire
Believed African Americans should work for full social equality immediately and not accept an inferior social and economic status. Helped to form the NAACP.
W.E.B. Dubois
New form of business-became popular after the Civil War.
A business organization composed of stockholders.
The stockholders can only lose their investment if it fails
Corporation
This new federal law prohibited unfair practices by railroads, such as charging more money for shorter routes.
Interstate Commerce Act 1887
Cities were often run by corrupt "Political Machines"
This individual was the leader of New York City's corrupt Tammany Hall poltical organization during the 1860's and early 1870's.
He openly bought votes, encouraged judicial corruption, extracted millions from city contracts, and dominated New York City politics
From 1860 to 1890 herds of these were destroyed.
Buffalo