Attitudes
What is an attitude?
It is an evaluation a person makes about a person, object, group, event or issue.
What is social identity?
Sense of self in terms of group membership
Stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination are all under the category of -
social biases
Define conformity.
The changing of behaviour to align with those of a group due to real or implied pressure.
What is prosocial behaviour?
Voluntary actions that promote social acceptance and benefit society and its members
What is the name given to things that are the targets of judgement related to attitudes?
Attitude objects
What did Tajfel and Turner suggest about being part of a social group?
It allows people to feel a sense of social identity
It makes up part of your self-image and comes from belonging to social categories
What is prejudice?
Unjustified attitudes (feelings and thoughts) towards people of a particular group
Define obedience.
When we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society.
What is antisocial behaviour?
Behaviour that harms society and its members by intentionally violating the rights of others
How many types of attitudes are there?
Two - explicit and implicit
What are the two key terms in relation to the association of groups by an individual?
Ingroup and outgroup
Apply the Tripartite Model to stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination.
A = Prejudice
B = discrimination
C = stereotypes
We watched a clip where Sandy from Grease conforms. How does she do that?
She changes her style; changes hair and outfit; starts smoking a cigarette
Which is the most notorious example of antisocial behaviour we have studied in class?
Kitty Genovese's rape and murder
What is the difference between explicit and implicit attitudes?
Explicit = conscious; implicit = unconscious
What is a name of one of the movies we watched clips for in class that show social identity theory?
Pitch Perfect; Mean Girls; The Breakfast Club
How is discrimination different but connected to prejudice?
Discrimination is seen as the action or behavioural component of a prejudiced attitude
Name 3 of the 6 factors affecting conformity.
Normative and informational influence
Culture
Group size
Unanimity
Deindividuation
Social loafing
What are the two main factors influencing prosocial behaviour?
Reciprocity norm and social responsibility
What is the name of the model we use to describe an attitude?
Tripartite Model
What is attribution theory?
Process of attaching meaning to our behaviour or the behaviour of others by looking for causes to explain behaviour
Give an example of a clip we watched in class where prejudice and/or discrimination was evident.
Shrek; Lion King 2; The Daily Show
What historical event was Milgram influenced by or interested in investigating?
Eichmann and his behaviour during WWII and the Holocaust
What key idea is evident in the reciprocity norm?
Altruism
What are the three components of attitude that interrelate?
Affective, Behaviour, Cognitive/cognition
What are the two types attribution theory?
Situational and dispositional
True or false: prejudice always leads to discrimination
False
What study assessed conformity?
Asch's line judgement task
Which experiment did we looked at for antisocial behaviour? Include the experimenter names.
What is Festinger's theory about?
Cognitive dissonance
Define stereotypes.
An oversimplified belief about an outgroup pertaining to either positive or negative thoughts about its members
What are the two types of discrimination?
Direct and indirect
Which study focused on assessing obedience?
Milgram's shock administration study
What is the diffusion of responsibility?
Explain cognitive dissonance.
When the behaviour someone exhibits clashes with their thoughts/feelings about something
What are the three cognitive stages in determining who is part of an ingroup or outgroup?
Social categorisation, social identification and social comparison
What is the difference between the two types of discrimination?
Direct is intentional; indirect is unintentional (at times)
What was one of Milgram's main findings?
65% of participants followed orders all the way through
14 participants refused
A minimum of 300 volts was administered
What are the four main factors influencing antisocial behaviour?
Bystander effect, audience inhibition, diffusion of responsibility and cost-benefit analysis
What was the aim of the study "cognitive consequences of forced compliance"?
To investigate whether making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance
What is the key term that defines out we use our patterns of thought about people to be able to quickly process large amounts of information?
Cognitive schemata
What are the three causes of prejudice?
Social influence, intergroup competition and just-world phenomenon
What are the two types of social loafing?
Sucker effect and free-rider effect
What is groupthink? Provide an example.
Group members conform to make unanimous decisions without using critical thinking e.g., a cult
What was a key finding of the forced compliance and cognitive dissonance study?
That the greater the money offered, the less cognitive dissonance experienced as the money was justification enough to lie
Negative relationship between amount of money offered, and the amount of attitude change required
Why is there thought to be an element of bias in human behaviour relating to attribution theory?
People tend to create situational attributions for their own behaviours, but dispositional attributions for others.
What are the three key elements to reducing prejudice?
Superordinate goals, mutual interdependence and equal-status contact
What are the two types of cultures that come under the 'culture' aspect of conformity?
Individualistic and collectivist
What is the key component to defining bullying?
It is purposeful and repeated behaviour