Geography
What sent overlanders west into unknown territory?
Manifest Destiny lured settlers to explore the West for religious reasons and to own their own farms
How did president Martin Van Buren provide an early victory for working people and organized labor?
Van Buren reduced the work day for federal employees to 10 hours
What was Stephen F. Austin's role as an empresario, and how did Austin renounce that role?
He was granted land by the Mexican government if brought 300 American families in to settle. He would then govern the land and make sure the settlers obeyed Mexican law. He renounced this role when he joined the rebellion against the Mexican government
How is a revenue tariff different from a protective tariff?
a revenue tariff is a tax on imports for the purpose of raising money, while a protective tariff is a tax designed to protect American manufacturers
Describe the Supreme Court's general interpretation of the Constitution under Chief Justice John Marshal.
The Court interpreted the Constitution to mean that states could not interfere with an agency of the federal government operating in that state. This interpretation gave the federal government power over states.
Describe the variety of transportation improvements that were developed and implemented during the period between 1816-1832 (Growth & Division).
Canals linked large bodies of water. Railroads provided faster movement of goods and people over land. Steamboats sped up travel by water.
What was life like for a factory worker in the early 1820s?
Factory workers received low wages and worked more than 10 hours a day.
What religious denominations emerged in the US during the Second Great Awakening?
Unitarianism, Universalism, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
What three areas of social reform were targeted by the reformers of this historical period?
Temperance, prison reform, and educational reform
How did the US population's westward migration affect Native Americans living the west?
Increased overland traffic threatened Native's traditional way of life. Decline of buffalo population due to overhunting affecting their food, shelter, clothing and tools
What argument was used to support the accusation of a "corrupt bargain" between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay?
Adams appointed Clay as the secretary of state after Clay, as Speaker of the House, convinced House members to vote Adams into the presidency
How did Virginia's political leaders try to reverse secession in their state? Why did this fail?
VA proposed and hosted a peace conference that was held in Washington, DC. It was held in Feb. 1861, after Lincoln's election. The conference failed because no delegates from secessionist states attended
Describe the significance of cotton in the national economy of the 1800s.
Cotton production increased dramatically during the 1800s. In 1801, production was at 100,000 bales per year and by 1860 production was up to almost 4 million bales per year.
How did state laws called "slave codes" formalize slavery?
"Slave codes" made it illegal for enslaved people to own property, leave the premises without permission, file a lawsuit, sign a contract, possess firearms, testify against a white person, or learn to read or write
How did railroads help boost a shift towards an industrialized economy?
Factories were needed to build railroad engines and cars; coal mining was needed to make steel for tracks and as a power source for trains. Also, railroads facilitated the growth of trade.
Describe the class structure of the South that existed by the middle of the 1800s.
Planters were the richest social class, followed by a small class of urban professionals, such as lawyers and merchants. Yeoman farmers were next and made up the majority of the white population. Then rural poor, followed by only by enslaved African Americans
What was the temperance movement? Describe one of its methods for achieving its supporters' key goal?
wanted to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption. One method was state prohibition laws. Another method was to form groups, such as the American Temperance Union, to publicize the cause
How did the Second Great Awakening affect the reform movements of the mid-1800s?
It encouraged people to work for reform and brough many women into the reform movement
What was the purpose of the conventions help in Texas in 1832 and 1833?
The conventions were held by the settlers to negotiate a peaceful settlement with Mexico to reopen Texas to American immigrants, to loosen taxes on imports, and to recommend separating Texas from Coahuila to create a new state
Why did Andrew Jackson win the election of 1828?
He made voters doubt Adam's integrity by bringing up the alleged "corrupt bargain". He also seemed to better represent the interests of the growing West and South than did New Englander Adams
Why did some Northern leaders oppose admitting Texas to the US union?
They feared it would be admitted as a slave state
How was trade in California affected by the achievement of Mexican independence in 1821?
Trade between California and the US and other countries increased significantly after Spanish control in Mexico ended
Why was the Missouri Compromise proposed?
The compromise was proposed in order to keep the Senate balanced between slave and no-slave states
Why do you think the penny press was a significant development in the history of the US' journalism?
made news more affordable and available to help inform citizens; news publications might have had less credible and accurate writing, much like the Internet today
Why was singing an important part of the enslaved African American culture?
Songs helped pass time during the workday, provided enjoyment, and were used in religious services.
How was the 1837 Sante Fe rebellion an example of the weakness of civil authority within Mexican territory?
After attacks by the Navajo and Apache, the Pueblo people and Hispanic settlers rebelled because the Mexican government could no longer provide protection
What was the main idea behind gradualism?
Gradualism wanted to end slavery by phasing it out in steps for an easier transition. Some believed that former slaveholders should be compensated after enslaved people were freed. Supporters might argue that gradualism was a peaceful and bloodless way to end slavery, and would allow the South's economy to make a smoother transition to other industries.
Which seven states were the first to secede from the Union?
SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX
Describe the different campaign messages of the candidates in the 1824 election? (Crawford, Clay, Adams, Jackson)
Crawford: states' rights and strict interpretation of the Constitution
Clay: argued for the American system
Adams: argued for internal improvements but disliked tariffs
Jackson: his own heroism
What strategy did General Grant use to capture the city of Vicksburg? What were the effects of this strategy?
Grant put Vicksburg under siege. This cut the city off from food and supplies and inflicted damage from bombardment. The siege lasted for six weeks, with Confederate troops and the city's residents facing near starvation
What are three examples of economic nationalism that occurred after the War of 1812?
a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements
How did the expansion of voting rights contribute to Andrew Jackson's victory in the 1828 presidential election?
In many places, men no longer had to own property in order to vote, so many more men voted in this presidential election.
What was the significance of the steel-bladed plow and the mechanical reaper? How do you think these technological inventions helped drive more westward migration?
These inventions made it easier for settlers to farm in the harsh environment of the frontier. As it became easier, more and more settlers moved there
Why did the arrival of Irish and German immigrants lead to a growth of nativism within the US?
Nativists feared that the huge flux of immigrants would change US culture for the worse. Some nativists were Protestants who were anti-catholic, and many Irish immigrants were Catholic. Some nativists did not like German immigrants because they did not speak English
Summarize the disagreement between Mexico and the US over Texas.
Mexico did not recognize Texas's independence, disputed the Texas border, and was angered by the US annexation of Texas
Why did educational reformers believe that education was important in a democratic republic?
Educational reformers believed that a democratic republic could survive only if the electorate was adequately educated.
They believed in government funded schools for all children because all should learn the basics of reading, writing, and math.
Why were the border states of Maryland and Kentucky important to the Union?
If Maryland seceded, Washington DC, would be completely surrounded by Confederate territory. KY waws important for its control of the southern bank of the Ohio River
Describe how the US became more democratic during Andrew Jackson's presidency.
States allowed more white males to vote and choose their own electors. Jackson claimed the spoils system was democratic and allowed the majority to run government
What were General Sherman's psychological reasons for his army's March to the Sea?
He believed that the South - civilians included - needed to "feel the hard hand of war" in order for the war to end
Why did the South find it difficult to convince foreign countries to support them in their efforts to secede from the Union?
Foreign countries did not want to risk war with the US
How did nationalism affect the foreign affairs of the United States in the years following the War of 1812?
Nationalism encouraged the invasion of Florida and the issuing of the Monroe Doctrine
How did the transcontinental railroad intensify the conflict over slavery?
The need to organize the Nebraska territory for the railroad created a debate over whether slavery would be permitted in states created from the territory.
Describe the main themes of American writers in the early 1800s.
Romanticism: emotions, inner spirituality, individualism, and nature
Transcendentalism: overcoming the mind's limits and embracing the beauty of the universe
What was John Brown's raid, and how did this event signal that peaceful compromise between the North and the South was probably no longer possible?
Brown raided a federal arsenal because he wanted to arm enslaved people and lead them in an insurrection. The raid was unsuccessful, as Brown was captured and sentenced to death. It illustrated that people had resorted to using arms instead of words to try to resolve the issue of slavery
Why did many businesspeople in the North oppose abolitionism?
They feared it might lead to war or an influx of freed African Americans into the North, overwhelming the labor and housing markets. They also did not want to damage the Southern economy, which supplied Northern textile factories with cotton
Identify and explain the reasons western political boundaries changed between 1870 and 1900.
Mineral mining and railroad extension into the western territories resulted in the naming of new states. North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana were named in 1889
What was the effect of President James Polk's promise to annex Texas, contest the Oregon Territory, and buy California?
Polk's promise appealed to Northerners and Southerners because it would expand the country while maintaining the balance between free and slave states. It enabled Polk to win the election of 1844.
How did the Indian policies of the United States government affect the relationship between settlers in the West and Native Americans?
The Indian policies led to very contentious relationships, which included violent conflicts. Some groups fled when government officials came to force relocation.
Why did the North have such an extreme economic advantage over the South?
The Union controlled the US Treasury, still collected revenues from tariffs, and many Northern banks had large cash reserves that they could lend the government
Which political party formed in the mid-1800s was not a reaction to the slavery debate?
The Know-Nothing Party, formerly known as the American Party, was characterized by its opposition to immigrants and Catholics
How did the cattle industry boom affect the economy of the West?
The cattle industry greatly improved the economy. Large numbers of cattle could be brought on railroads to markets in the East, which provided huge profits
How did free African Americans work to end slavery?
They wrote or spoke out against slavery and took part in demonstrations
List four causes of growing tensions between the North and the South that were discussed in Chapter 8 Lesson 2.
Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, Lecompton Constitution, and John Brown's raid
What were the social and cultural impacts of the secularization of California's Spanish missions?
Secularization was the transfer of control from religious to private ownership. Most land ended up in the hands of cattle ranchers. This created a social scale for rancheros to mestizos to vaqueros. and Native Americans were often exploited. The mission system used by Spain to spread Christianity and Spanish culture collapsed.
Why would SC threaten to secede from the Union due to new federal tariffs?
People in SC bought imported goods, but tariffs made them expensive. SC said states had the right to declare federal law invalid and ignore them. They reasoned that if the federal government forced a state to obey a law that was not in its best interests, then that state had the right to leave the Union.
What motivated Polk to order U.S. military troops to cross the Nueces River into Mexican territory?
Mexico's new president, Jose Joaquin Herrera, refused to meet with special envoy John Slidell to discuss purchasing the California territory. This motivated Polk to order troops to cross the Nueces River. He hoped that Mexico would fire first and provoke war
What actions did Congress take to expand political rights for Native Americans? What influenced the legislation they passed?
The Dawes Act attempted to give Native Americans land on which to live. The fact that Native Americans' collective land had been reduced may have influenced this act, or that the buffalo population had been reduced and Native Americans needed land to fit within the new West that was being developed
Explain the two factors that contributed to a food shortage in the South during the Civil War.
The collapse of the South's transportation system prevented food from being moved around the South. The presence of Union troops in important agricultural regions prevented enough food from being grown and harvested
What was a result of the Fugitive Slave Act?
People who had escaped slavery could be captured and sent back. Even free African Americans could be accused of being runaways, and they could not testify on their own behalf. Northerners who had been neutral about slavery were now outraged
How did the railroad companies help to encourage settlement of the Great Plains? What other human geographic factors affected settlement of the Great Plains?
A railroad route through the Great Plains made settling there easier. The ability to far, a tract of land through the Homestead Act and later through the Morrill-Land Grant College Act also brought new farmers willing to settle and work the land in the Great Plains. Advances in farming technology, inexpensive land, and an influx of immigrants also helped drive settlement.
Why did some Northerners support popular sovereignty?
They believed that Northerners would settle most of the new territory and then ban slavery in that area. They believed that Northerners would be the majority in these new areas.
What single event was the tipping point that caused Southern states to secede?
the election of Lincoln, a Republican, as president
Explain Lincoln's reasons for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and the effects that it had on the war.
Reasons: to help justify the war's sacrifices, to help end slavery
Effects: transformed the war from a conflict over preservation of the Union into a war of liberation
How did the Civil War change the South socially and economically?
Many cities in the South were destroyed by the war. Sherman's March to the Sea destroyed a great deal of property in Georgia. Southerners were demoralized. Also, the Emancipation Proclamation and the Union victory meant that African Americans were no longer enslaved
How did the split of the Democratic Party affect the outcome of the 1860 election, as well as the Southern states' decision to secede from the Union?
It gave the Republican Party a better chance of winning the election, and the election of Abraham Lincoln convinced the Southern states to seceded
What roles did women play during the Civil War? How did the Civil War change opinions about women's capabilities?
Women managed family farms and businesses. Women cared for the sick and wounded as nurses. Elizabeth Blackwell established the US Sanitary Commission to provide medical assistance and supplies to hospitals
How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the way people viewed the Civil War?
It gave the war effort a moral component because the war was no longer just about preserving the Union; now it was also about freeing enslaved African Americans
Why did President Lincoln make Ulysses S. Grant the general-in-chief of the Union military forces?
Lincoln made Grant general in chief because Grant had captured Vicksburg for the Union and had won the Battle of Chattanooga, showing Lincoln that he was ready to fight.
How did the economic impact of the Homestead Act contribute to the close of the frontier in the late 19th century?
After the Oklahoma Land Rush, when thousands of people claimed land in the frontier, the Census Bureau determined that the frontier had been closed. The presence of people, goods, resources to live off of, and a means of transportation ended the region's frontier status. Instead, it was filled with people settling and starting new communities.
How did a weak central government effect the Confederate States?
The Confederacy's emphasis on states' rights limited Jefferson Davis's ability to conduct the war, especially in terms of financing. The Confederacy's plan to print paper money resulted in incredible inflation
What medical problems did Union and Confederate soldiers face during the war?
infection, smallpox, dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia
What was the most significant result of the Battle of Antietam?
The Battle of Antietam was a crucial Union victory. After Antietam, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing enslaved persons in states in rebellion after January 1, 1863. Also, the British government had been ready to intervene if Lee's invasion had succeeded at Antietam
Why did President Lincoln doubt he could win the 1864 presidential election?
Lincoln though the public was growing angry over the costly war and that they would show their anger in the polls
What was the most significant result of the Battle of Gettysburg a significant loss the Confederacy?
Approximately 28,000 Confederate forces were killed or wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg. This amounted to over one-third of Lee's entire army. This loss also ensured that Britain would not recognize the Confederacy. For the rest of the war, Lee's forces fought on the defensive