Cell Structure and Function
Which organelle controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell?
Cell membrane
What principle of cell theory supports the idea that new cells replace damaged cells?
All cells come from other cells.
Which type of cellular transport requires energy from the cell?
Active Transport
What is the term for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and carry out regular functions?
G1
Why do we need cells to complete mitosis?
Growth and Repair
In a hypothesis, which variable is being tested, the independent or the dependent variable?
Independent variable
Which plant cell organelle uses light energy to produce sugar?
Chloroplast
Which type of cell has a nucleus, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Name the transport process used by white blood cells to capture bacteria.
Endocytosis
In a hypotonic solution, water moves _____ the cell, causing it to _____.
into ; swell
Name the phase in interphase when the cell duplicates its DNA.
S phase of interphase
If a cell has 8 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?
8 chromosomes
In an experiment with plants receiving different fertilizers, what would be the control group?
The Plant which receives no fertilizer
Name the organelle responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP.
Mitochondria
Identify a characteristic that is NOT common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Multicellular organisms
Membrane Bound Organelles
Which specific transport type is used to move O₂ and CO₂ across the cell membrane?
SIMPLE diffusion
If an animal cell is placed in salt water, what will happen to the cell and why?
The cell would shrivel because the saltwater solution is hypertonic, causing water to move out of the cell.
Which phase of interphase is marked by the cell preparing to divide?
G2
What happens during cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, which completes the cell division process by forming two distinct cells.
What is the independent variable in the hypothesis: “If carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere, then the Earth’s temperature will rise”?
Presence of carbon dioxide
Which organelle would you not find in a plant cell?
Centrioles
Complete the statement: According to cell theory, even primitive cells like ________ can carry out functions of life.
Prokaryotes
What type of transport uses energy to PUMP particles against their concentration gradient?
Molecular Pumps
Describe what happens to a cell in an isotonic solution
In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water, so the cell stays the same.
Describe the importance of DNA replication during interphase.
DNA replication is important during interphase because each of the two daughter cells needs an identical set of DNA.
List the phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
List the types of macromolecules in the cell membrane and explain which one is essential for selective permeability.
Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Lipids (phospholipids) contribute most to selective permeability, allowing cells to control what enters and exits, maintaining homeostasis.
Explain what would happen if a cell were lacking lysosomes.
Without lysosomes, the cell would be unable to digest foreign substances or worn-out cell parts, leading to a buildup of waste and cellular damage.
Describe two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have both. Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, while eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular.
List one example of active transport and one of passive transport, and explain the energy requirement for each.
Example of active transport: endocytosis, exocytosis Molecular Pump (requires energy to move materials into the cell); Example of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis (no energy required, moves particles from high to low concentration).
Explain the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions and their effects on cells.
Hypertonic solution: higher solute concentration outside, causing cell to shrink as water exits.
Hypotonic solution: lower solute concentration outside, causing cell to swell as water enters.
Isotonic solution: equal solute concentration, so the cell’s shape stays the same.
Explain the three stages of interphase (G1, S, and G2) and their significance in the cell cycle.
G1 phase: cell grows and carries out normal functions.
S phase: DNA is duplicated.
G2 phase: cell prepares for division by producing needed organelles and molecules
Describe each phase of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and their main events.
Prophase: DNA condenses into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase: Nuclear membranes re-form around each chromosome set, and chromosomes begin to uncoil.
Create a hypothesis using “amount of sleep” as the independent variable and “test score” as the dependent variable.
Example hypothesis: “If the amount of sleep increases, then test scores will improve.”