Chapter 5
What is a sensation? and what are the five senses?
Messages we receive from our senses
due to stimulation of various receptors.
Visual, auditory, taste, smell and
touch.
Describe what the point of classical conditioning is.
A procedure that involves the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until that neutral stimulus alone elicits a similar response.
What are the two Major types of Memory?
Procedural and Declarative
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a set amount of time has passed is known as..
Fixed Interval
The Little Albert experiment demonstrated which concept in classical conditioning
Generalization
What is Common fate? and Good Continuation?
CF: We tend to see object that move at the same speed and in the same direction as being together.
GC: We tend to perceive smooth, flowing forms
rather than disrupted forms
What are two examples of Classical Conditioning?
Little Albert Experiment and Pavlov's dog Experiment.
What are some ways to strengthen memory?
Repetition Effect, Spacing Effect, Retrieval Practice
Compare & Contrast Proactive Interference and Retroactive Interference.
Proactive interference: Prior memories interfere with the ability to retrieve new (later) memories.
Retroactive interference: Recent memories interfere with the ability to retrieve old memories.
What are the three types of Amnesia? Briefly Describe.
Infantile Amnesia: Childhood Amnesia. Memory Loss for early parts of life. Age 3 & Younger.
Retrograde Amnesia: Memory loss for information before onset of injury. Can recover most memories.
Anterograde Amnesia: Memory loss for information that occurred after the onset of an injury. Forget memories quickly.
Explain Convergence and Accommodation in Binocular Cues.
Closer objects cause
Eyes to rotate inward (convergence)
Lens of eyes to bulge (accommodation)
What are the phases of classical conditioning?
Acquisition: Period when learning occurs, CS and US are paired.
Learning that certain behaviors receive certain consequences.
Extinction: Period when response is extinguished (ended), US no longer presented with CS, doesn’t always occur.
Occurs when consequence no longer occurs (chores, tantrums).
Spontaneous Recovery: Period after extinction, delay or change of env. Occurs causing response to recover, doesn’t always occur.
After extinction occurred, behavior may return due to time passing or change in environment.
What are the three types of Memory (think of stages).
Short Term Memory: Memory that temporarily holds information that you need or are working with at that moment. 0-30 Seconds Memories.
Sensory Memory: Temporary memory stored for our sensory organs.
Long Term Memory: system that stores information and experiences for extended periods of time
Explain what a Phobia is and what a Fetish is.
Phobia: Strong fear of objects or situations that are out of proportion to the actual danger.
Fetish: Abnormal sexual attachment to objects.
Gestalt Principles of Organization: Explain proximity, closure, similarity.
Similarity: Items that are similar in style tend to be
grouped together
Proximity: Items that are close together tend to be grouped together
Closure: We tend to complete (close) items that are not complete
Compare and Contrast Adaptation vs. Habituation
Sensory adaptation is when sensory neurons are fatigued, so that you no longer sense the stimuli
Not under conscious control
Example: Get in a very hot bath
Habituation is when you get accustomed tosomething so that you no longer notice it
Under conscious control
Examples: Noise, objects in a room
What is Operant Conditioning? And what types of reinforcements/punishments are there?
Learning an association between a behavior (response) and consequence.
Positive & Negative Punishment, and Positive & Negative Reinforcement.
Briefly Describe the four types of memories.
Procedural: Knowledge of how to perform a skill or task. EX: How to ride a bike, drive a car, etc.
Declarative: Memories of facts EX: What gas station has the cheapest gas, who is the President, etc.
Episodic: Memory of a specific event that you experienced. Flashbulb Memories.
Semantic: Memory of general knowledge you’ve gained. EX: Who was athe first president.
Describe Sensory Adaptation.
Neurons become fired if stimulated but it will diminish (will not stay at the same rate). If this doesn't change then adaptation will occur.
Briefly explain Pavlov's Dog Experiment
Created a soundproof room in his lab in St. Petersburg ■ First: Sounded a metronome (a new sound for the dog) ■ Second: Gave meat powder ■ Repeated a few times ■ Presented metronome without meat powder ■ Dog produced saliva.
Discuss the two types of Perception.
Depth Perception and the Gestalt Principles
Depth Perspective:Ability to perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and judge the distance of objects.
Monocular Cues + Binocular Cues
Gestalt Principles: Describe how we naturally organize and interpret visual information
Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Good Continuation, Common Fate
Explain the Neutral Stimulus, Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response.
Neutral Stimulus (NS): Stimulus that does not produce any response
Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS): Stimulus that already produces a reflexive or well learned response
Unconditioned Response (UR or UCR): The response triggered by presence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): The previously neutral stimulus after conditioning has occurred
Conditioned Response (CR): The response triggered by presence of the conditioned stimulus
Explain the three characteristics of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model.
Encoding—How does information come into the store?
Storage—How is information maintained? (Duration and Capacity)
Retrieval—How do we get the material out of storage and into consciousness?
Describe briefly what Positive Punishment, Negative Punishment, Positive Reinforcement, and Negative Reinforcement are.
Positive Reinforcement: Adding a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to encourage it.
Negative Reinforcement:Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to encourage it.
Positive Punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to decrease it.
Negative Punishment:Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to decrease it.
Write out the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
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