The Need for Psychological Science
This “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon often makes research findings seem obvious.
What is hindsight bias?
A carefully worded statement of how variables will be measured.
What is an operational definition?
“Correlation does not equal…”
What is causation?
The group that receives the treatment.
What is the experimental group?
The most frequently occurring score in a frequency distribution; and the average of those scores.
What are mode and mean?
The three main components of the scientific attitude are curiosity, skepticism, and this.
What is humility?
A research method that describes behavior but does not explain it.
What is descriptive research?
Perceiving a relationship when none exists.
What is an illusory correlation?
The variable that is manipulated.
What is independent variable?
This ethical principle requires participants’ permission to take part.
What is informed consent?
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments but examines evidence.
What is critical thinking?
Jane Goodall is well known for this descriptive research method.
What is naturalistic observation?
A statistical measure showing how two variables change together.
What is a correlation coefficient?
Factor other than the independent variable that could influence results.
What are confounding variables?
After obtaining informed consent, researchers must follow these three other steps for research to be ethical.
What are protection from harm, confidentiality, and debrief afterwards?
Overestimating how well we could have predicted an event is an example of this bias.
What is overconfidence?
This gives everyone an equal chance of being chosen for a study.
What is a random sample?
Brushing your teeth leads to fewer cavities is an example of this; and a perfect example is listed as this.
Negative correlation; -1.0
In order to prevent researcher and participant bias, these are encouraged.
What are double blind studies?
Mean, median, and mode are to _______, as range and standard deviation are to _______.
Measures of central tendency; measures of variation
Together, these 3 different levels form an integrated approach to understanding the psychological process, which is called experimentation.
What are exploring cause and effect, evaluating therapies, and by independent and dependent variables.
Sam owns a pizza shop, and his first 5 customers were complaining that they did not like the pizza. However, he surveyed his customers for the next week, and over 90% said they loved the pizza. By giving too much weight to those first 5 customers before the survey, Sam almost committed this error.
What is sampling bias?
If evaluating therapies, researchers have to figure out whether to use this (how we expose participants to the treatment) or this (contrast of an experimental condition to evaluate the effects of a treatment).
Random sampling is to this, as random assignment is to this.
What are surveys; experiments
When averages from two samples are each reliable and the difference between them is large, we can assume the findings are not because of chance. When this happens, it is referred to as this, and indicates this (what it means).
What is statistical significance and it indicates the likelihood of a result happening.