President
What type of powers are: Veto legislation, Commander-in-chief, Executive agreements
Formal Powers of the President
Case that set the precedent of judicial review
the idea that the Court has the power to check the other branches of government by declaring laws as constitutional or unconstitutional.
judicial review
This falls under the executive branch and is not its own branch of government, it is made up of millions of people who are employed to carry out the responsibilities of the government.
The bureacracy
One of the three main functions of the bureaucracy: Issues _________ when laws are violated.
fines
A solitary executive, with vigor to act,
Protects the nation, that's an established fact.
The following positions need approval from who? Cabinet Secretaries, Ambassador, Federal court judges
The Senate
List the three levels of federal courts.
Supreme (Original and Appellate Jurisdiction)
Appeals (Appellate Jurisdiction) 12 courts
District (Original) 94 Courts
These are binding templates for future judicial decisions and unless there are extreme circumstances they are very difficult to overturn.
precedents
This is made up of a bureaucratic agency, congressional committee, and an interest group that work together and rely on one another to create policy in specific areas.
iron triangle
Examples:
Bureaucratic Agency: Department of Veterans Affairs Congressional Committee: House Committee on Veterans’ Affairs
Interest Group: Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) All work closely together to advance issues related to Veterans Healthcare Access
One of the three main functions of the bureaucracy: ______________ before Congress for accountability or updates on agency actions
Testify
Nonviolent resistance, the moral high ground,
Until equality for all, is truly found.
Injustice anywhere threatens justice everywhere,
Urgent action required, we can no longer bear.
Letter from a Birmingham Jail.
What type of powers are: Pocket veto legislation, Bargaining & persuasion, Executive orders, Signing statements
informal powers of the president
Senate confirmation, impeach judges, write laws to overturn judicial decisions
Type of judicial behavior that involves a more proactive role for the courts in shaping public policy
judicial activism
Daily Double!
These people are the highest level of authority in the bureaucracy and are the leaders of the fifteen executive departments.
(Presidential) Cabinet Secretaries
One of the three main functions of the bureaucracy: Write and enforce __________ to facilitate the execution of laws passed by Congress.
regulations
Daily Double!
Tenure of good behavior shields from party strife,
Judicial independence secured for life.
Federalist 78
The president avoids working with what group when making an executive agreement with another country rather than a treaty.
The Senate
However, treaties are much harder to break than executive agreements due to the fact that executive agreements can be overturned by the next presidential administration.
What is one argument Federalist 78 makes to prove the judicial branch will not be too powerful?
no power to make laws, no power of the purse or sword.
type of judicial behavior that involves a more limited role for the courts in deferring to the other branches of government for policy creation.
judicial restraint
These are are smaller subdivisions of the executive departments which all work together to accomplish the main goals of the main department. Examples: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
Federal Agencies
Type of hiring for government jobs that was a practice of hiring people based on their political support, connections, and loyalty rather than their qualifications
partronage system
Ambitions made to counter ambition's force,
Checks and balances guide the republic's course.
Federalist 51
Double Jeopardy! By adding this when they sign a bill into a law it allows the president to express how the executive branch interprets the laws and how the president intends to executive it, which could be different than what Congress intended.
signing statement
List one check by the executive branch on the judiciary.
Appoints judges
Some question the ______________ of the Supreme Court when controversial decisions are handed down as many citizens call into question the ability of unelected judges circumventing the will of the people.
legitimacy
This is is the power given to the bureaucracy by Congress that gives them the choic on how to make rules and carry out law
discretionary authority
These are a hybrid of business and government which is essentially the government running a business that serves the public good.
Government Corporations
Examples: • Public Broadcasting System (PBS) • United States Postal Service (USPS) • Amtrak
A loose alliance, too weak to sustain,
A nation in need of a stronger domain.
A of C
This is a directive with the force of law to the federal bureaucracy and the military, parts of the government under direct presidential authority
executive order
However, laws are much harder to change than executive orders due to the fact that executive orders can be overturned by the next presidential administration.
What is one argument Federalist 78 makes to support that the judicial branch will be independent?
Lifetime appointments, Non-elected judges
Latin term for “let the decision stand". AKA: precedents
stare decisis
These are regulatory groups that operate somewhat independently from presidential authority and are run by a board for a specific purpose.
commissions
Examples: • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) • Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
This is the power given to the bureaucracy to establish rules for certain industries and then hold those industries accountable for complying with those rules.
Compliance monitoring
Consolidated power breeds tyranny's seed,
State sovereignty must be the creed.
Brutus 1