Geography
What geographic feature made Greek unity difficult?
Mountains
What city-state created democracy?
Athens
What war was fought between Athens and Sparta?
The Peloponnesian War.
Which city-state focused on military discipline?
Which city-state focused on the importance of education?
Sparta
Athens
What is the phrase to describe the golden age in Ancient Rome?
The Pax Romana
What sea was central to Greek and Roman trade?
The Mediterranean Sea.
What type of democracy did Athens have? Explain how this type of democracy works.
Direct democracy / People vote directly on the laws
What event marked the end of the Roman Republic?
Julius Caesar’s assassination / rise of Augustus.
Define "patricians"
Wealthy upper-class Romans.
Under which emperor did the Roman golden age begin?
Augustus
What type of landform is Greece and Italy?
A peninsula
What was the Roman Republic’s written law code called?
The Twelve Tables.
Who decided to split the Roman Empire in two after it got too big?
Emperor Diocletian
Define "plebians"
Common Roman citizens.
What major engineering achievement expanded during the Pax Romana, allowing fresh water to flow across the empire?
Aqueducts
Why did Greek city-states rely on trade?
Little fertile farmland.
What is a republic?
A government where citizens elect representatives.
Who ruled over the newly established Byzantine Empire and moved the capital to Constantinople?
Emperor Constantine
Define the term "city-state"
A Greek city-state, or polis, was a self-sufficient, independent community consisting of a central city and its surrounding territory.
During the Golden Age of Athens, what famous temple was built on the Acropolis to worship the goddess Athena?
The Parthenon
Why did Greeks become skilled sailors?
Proximity to the sea + lack of farmland.
Who became the first emperor of Rome after Julius Caesar’s death?
Augustus (Octavian).
Name at least three reasons for the weakening of the Roman Republic prior to its fall.
-Corruption in government
-Tax problem
-Unemployment and food crisis
-Land redistribution crisis
-Soldiers' loyalty to generals rather than to the government (example = Julius Caesar)
Describe women’s roles in Athens.
Limited rights/ generally only had domestic responsibilities.
What building style perfected in the Pax Romana is seen in structures like the Pantheon and Colosseum?
The use of arches, domes, and concrete (Greco-Roman architecture)
What is one example of how geography influenced Greek political development?
Independent city-states developed because mountains separated communities.
What was the Principate?
The first phase of the Roman Empire, where emperors kept the appearance of republican government.
Who was Rome’s enemy during the Punic Wars?
Carthage
Describe women’s roles in Sparta.
More freedoms compared to Athens/ had access to physical training and ran estates.
What is the name of the blended culture that spread across Alexander’s Persian empire, combining Greek ideas with Middle Eastern and Asian influences?
Hellenistic culture (or Hellenism)
What geographic advantage helped Rome protect itself?
The Alps provided a natural northern barrier.
Augustus (Octavian) ended the Civil War in _______ after defeating ________ __________ and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.
Egypt
Mark Antony
Who was the famous Carthaginian general who used elephants?
Hannibal
A member of a class of serfs (agricultural worker) in ancient Sparta. Their status was viewed lower than a citizens but slightly above a slaves.
How did Roman roads contribute to the political and economic stability of the Pax Romana?
They allowed efficient military movement, increased trade, improved communication, and helped unify the empire.
What river was crucial to the founding of Rome?
The Tiber River
What is civic duty, and give one example from either Greece or Rome.
The responsibility to participate in government; examples: serving on a jury, voting, military service.
Who conquered Greece after the Peloponnesian War?
Philip II of Macedonia (Alexander the Great's father)
How did social class affect politics in Rome?
Patricians controlled most government offices while plebeians had limited power.
What does the construction of the Colosseum reveal about Roman society during the Pax Romana?
It shows advanced engineering, government-sponsored public entertainment, and an emphasis on social hierarchy and civic life.