Perception & Schema
British participants altered culturally unfamiliar words like “dacha” when recalling a story, instead referring it as a boat. This memory distortion is best explained by this cognitive structure.
What is a schema?
Jose links the name “Hope” to the meaning of hopefulness. This encoding strategy is known as this type of processing.
What is semantic encoding?
If newly learned information interferes with older memories, this type of interference occurs.
What is retroactive interference?
Using college psychology students as participants reflects this sampling method.
What is convenience sampling?
Leading questions like “smashed” instead of “hit” with regards to a car accident may increase susceptibility to this memory distortion.
What is the misinformation effect?
A participant expects to see a young woman in an ambiguous image and fails to notice the older woman embedded within it. This perceptual bias most directly reflects the influence of this type of processing.
What is top-down processing?
Walking mentally through a bedroom to associate items with locations demonstrates this mnemonic technique.
What is the method of loci?
Students who take an exam in the same lecture hall where they learned the material perform better due to this retrieval principle.
What is context-dependent memory?
Randomly assigning participants to massed vs. distributed practice conditions indicates this research design.
What is an experiment?
Failure to encode vocabulary beyond short-term repetition results in forgetting due to this process.
What is encoding failure?
The inability to ignore the sound of slurping in a restaurant demonstrates this attentional filtering mechanism.
What is selective attention?
Studying for 30 minutes nightly over a week enhances memory through this spacing principle.
What is distributed practice?
Choosing correct answers from options on a map with a word bank demonstrates this retrieval process.
What is recognition?
In a study comparing encoding strategies vs. continued study, vocabulary quiz scores represent this variable.
What is the dependent variable?
The inability to retrieve stored information best describes this explanation of forgetting.
What is retrieval failure?
When a person builds an understanding of an image by first analyzing its individual lines, colors, and shapes before recognizing the whole picture, they are using this...
What is bottom-up processing?
Strengthened neural connections that improve recall speed over time reflect this biological mechanism of memory storage.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
This is a cognitive bias where people tend to remember the most recently presented items in a sequence better than those presented earlier.
What is the primacy/recency effect?
If results are statistically significant, researchers can conclude this about chance.
What is the results are unlikely due to random chance?
Better recall of early and late list items reflects this
What is serial position effect?
The tendency to justify a failed outcome by claiming one “knew it all along” reflects this cognitive bias.
What is hindsight bias?
Elizabeth studies briefly before sleep each night. This timing likely enhances memory through this neurobiological process.
What is memory consolidation during sleep?
After memorizing last year’s locker combination, a student keeps entering it instead of remembering the new one assigned this year. This difficulty remembering the new information is an example of:
What is proactive interference?
After deceiving participants about growth mindset feedback, researchers must complete this ethical procedure.
What is debriefing?
DAILY DOUBLE
Feeling that a word is about to be recalled but being unable to produce it is known as this phenomenon.