Infectious diseases 2.1
Give an example of passive natural immunity?
Give an example of artificial active immunity?
Vaccinations
What is Batman's real name?
Bruce Wayne
Name 1 component involved in the first line of defence
- skin
- Mucous membranes
- Secretions e.g. sweats, tears
Virulence of a pathogen is its ability to cause disease
It can be measured by ________
Could of said
- how many individuals are infected
- how quickly it spreads
- how many hosts die
What is herd immunity?
enough people in a group or area have achieved immunity (protection) against a virus or other infectious agent to make it very difficult for the infection to spread.
Name six major groups of pathogens?
Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and parasites.
What has keys but cannot open locks?
Adhesin is a characteristic that helps bacteria to bind to host surface cells. This is a type of ___________ factor
Virulence factor
Other types are capsules, toxins, lifestyle changes
Name 1 part of the Adaptive immune response (specific defence)?
- Antibodies
- Lymphocytes
- Memory cells
State 2 differences for infectious and non-infectious diseases
- ID contagious, NID - non-contagious
- ID caused by a pathogen, NID - can be inherited
- ID - communicable (transmissible), NID - not communicable
List 2 physical defence strategies used by plants to prevent pathogens?
- Cell walls
- Thick waxy cuticles
- Thick layers of bark
- The ability to close stomata
- Vertical positioning of leaves
- Hairs and thorns
What is the name of the coffee shop in Friends?
Central Perk
Having a small zone of inhibition for an antibiotic on a petri dish of bacteria means?
That the antibiotic is less effective against those particular bacteria
- Any substance that triggers an immune response is called an _________
They help the body recognise self from non-self.
Antigen
What is the role of a bacterial capsule in pathogenesis?
- Many bacteria produce a thick gel capsule around themselves to make them more virulent
- Capsule inhibit phagocytosis by the host cell, thus protecting them against host defences
Anti-venom given after a snake bite is an example of ___________
Passive artificial immunity
Which Australian animal can survive without drinking much water because it gets much of its water from its food?
Koala
What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is rapid and non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific to particular antigens and develops immunological memory.
What is the role of B lymphocytes?
Production of antibodies.
Remember - antibodies bind with specific antigens to get rid of them in the body
What are memory cells?
Long-lived B or T cells that remain after an immune response and allow a faster response if the same pathogen is encountered again.
A pathogen enters through break in skin. What is a physical change that occurs in the host and how it activates the non-specific response?
Blood vessels near the site of infection dilate (vasodilation), increasing blood flow to the area. This causes immune cells such as phagocytes to move out of the blood vessels and into the infected tissue, where they engulf and destroy pathogens.
•Increased permeability of capillaries → allows white blood cells and plasma proteins to enter infected tissue → promotes inflammation.
•Redness, swelling and heat (inflammation) → caused by increased blood flow and fluid movement → attracts immune cells to the site.
What can you catch but not throw?
A cold
What is the role of neutrophils and macrophages during an immune response?
They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens and cellular debris.
Cell-mediated immunity involves the direct killing of virally infected and cancerous cells by___________
cytotoxic T lymphocytes