Constitutional Articles (Applied)
This article is used when Congress overrides a presidential veto with a 2/3 vote.
What is Article I?
A public school punishes a student for symbolic protest—this amendment is central.
What is the First Amendment?
Congress passes a law banning discrimination in hotels affecting interstate travelers—this clause is used.
What is the Commerce Clause?
A law restricting speech is challenged, and the Court protects symbolic expression.
What is Tinker v. Des Moines?
Congress passes a law, the president vetoes it, and Congress overrides—this principle is shown.
What is checks and balances?
This article is involved when the president negotiates treaties requiring Senate approval.
What is Article II?
A suspect is tried twice for the same crime—this protection is violated.
What is double jeopardy (Fifth Amendment)?
Congress creates a national bank even though it’s not explicitly listed—this clause justifies it.
What is the Necessary and Proper Clause?
A state taxes a federal institution, raising the issue of implied powers.
What is McCulloch v. Maryland?
Power is shared between national and state governments in a policy dispute.
What is federalism?
This article is referenced when a state must return a fugitive to another state.
What is Article IV?
A defendant is denied legal counsel in a felony case—this right is violated.
What is the Sixth Amendment right to counsel?
state refuses to honor a court ruling from another state—this clause is violated.
What is the Full Faith and Credit Clause?
A defendant is not informed of their rights before interrogation.
What is Miranda v. Arizona?
A law limits individual freedoms but is justified by a compelling government interest—this standard applies.
What is strict scrutiny?
This article allows federal courts to rule on cases involving disputes between states.
What is Article III?
A punishment is challenged for being excessive compared to the crime—this amendment applies.
What is the Eighth Amendment?
A state treats out-of-state residents differently in employment—this clause is challenged.
What is the Privileges and Immunities Clause (Article IV)?
A state law banning handguns is challenged under incorporation.
What is McDonald v. Chicago?
Rights in the Bill of Rights are applied to the states through court rulings—this process is used.
What is selective incorporation?
This article is used when proposing an amendment through a constitutional convention.
What is Article V?
A state law is challenged for violating a fundamental right not originally applied to states—this amendment is used.
What is the Fourteenth Amendment (Due Process Clause)?
What is the Privileges and Immunities Clause (Article IV)?
What is the Ex Post Facto Clause?
A law is declared unconstitutional because it exceeds Congress’s commerce power.
What is United States v. Lopez?
A branch of government refuses to follow another branch’s action, creating a constitutional conflict.
What is separation of powers?