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Define the Drive-Reduction theory
Works on the premise of the body’s constant need to achieve homeostasis or balance. Once a state of stability is reached, the discomfort or the internal tension within the body subsides and the drive prompting the behavior is no longer there
_______________________ refers to the forces that prompt people to engage in particular behaviours or tasks
Motivation
Operant conditioning is:
Method that employs rewards and punishments for behavior
Attitude can be defined as:
Long lasting patterns of feelings and beliefs about other people, ideas, or objects that are based in people's experiences and shape their future behaviour.
What is the James-Lange theory of emotions?
The theory that when an event occurs, our body reacts, and then we feel emotion after the brain interprets that physiological change
Define and provide an example of extrinsic motivation
External rewards and praise (money, fame)
Define and provide an example of intrinsic motivation
Incentive we feel to complete a task simply because we find it interesting or enjoyable. Playing a sport because you find it fun.
How can encoding be described?
The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory
Persuasion involves changing someone’s attitude or behavior through communication. The success of persuasion often depends on three factors:
Source, message, and audience
What is Vicarious Conditioning?
Engaging in a behaviour or not, after seeing others being rewarded or punished for performing that action
What is the Canon Bard theory of emotion?
States that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously but independently when an individual encounters a stimulus
Define sensitization in learning
When an individual is exposed to a stimulus for a long time, or many times, and then has an increased behavioural response
A decrease in behavioural response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus is _________ learning
Habitual
Explain the self-perception theory
Argues that people become aware of certain attitudes by observing their own behavior.
Attitudes have these 3 components:
Cognitive, affective, behavioural
The fundamental attribution error is:
The tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors (like personality) and underestimate the influence of external factors (like situation) when explaining other people's behavior.
What is cognitive dissonance? Include an example
When there’s a conflict between our attitudes and actions, it creates an uncomfortable feeling called cognitive dissonance. This discomfort motivates us to reduce the inconsistency.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law? Explain in detail (Hint: think of the bell diagram)
The law suggests that performance increases with mental arousal but only up to a point. When an individuals' level of stress is too low or too high, their performance deteriorates.
____________________ memory: includes memories that influence our behavior without conscious awareness, such as procedural memory (skills like riding a bike) and conditioned responses.
Implicit
What is the over justification effect?
when external rewards, such as money or praise, reduce a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task they initially found enjoyable.