Sleep
NREM stage 1
Alpha brain waves are slow and consistent; on the verge of sleep; hallucinations occur; falling sensation; jerky movements
Night terrors
Nightmares during NREM 3 sleep and cannot be woken up
Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud believed that the unconscious mind becomes alive when the conscious mind goes to sleep. So our real fears, wishes, and desires that we repress throughout our waking hours become accessible through dream analysis. Freud distinguished between the manifest and latent content of dreams. Manifest is the literal dream, while latent content is the symbolism of the dream (i.e. what the dream means)
Alcohol
Barbiturates/tranquilizers
Opioids
(depressants)
-Confusion, impaired motor coordination, decision making, relaxed, less anxious, more confident, long-term use can cause depression + anxiety (ethanol, methanol, vodka, whiskey) (makes GABA inhibitory)
-Slows down the central nervous system, causes sleepiness, mild euphoria, impairment of memory, judgment; paranoia (Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, Klonopin)
-Euphoria, heightened well-being, drowsiness, confusion, reduced perception of pain (Oxycodone, hydrocodone (Vicodin), morphine, methadone, fentanyl, heroin) (dopamine)
Tolerance
Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug; requiring the user to take larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
NREM stage 2
Sleep apnea
Not breathing correctly when sleeping
Activation synthesis theory
Our brain activates our memories from the day as it processes the day’s information into storage and connects it to new neural pathways. Our brain does not like randomness, so it creates storylines to make sense of the random pieces of information that are being processed.
Methamphetamine
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
(stimulants)
-Agitation, anxiety, paranoia, addiction; long-term use can lead to deterioration of attention, memory, and judgment (crystal meth, base, speed, Desoxyn) (dopamine)
-Boosts alertness, boost energy/feeling of well-being, irritability, jitters, anxiety (coffee, rea, supplements, chocolate)
-Improves mood/concentration, relaxes muscles + reduces appetite, but can later cause antisocial behavior, anxiety, depression, mood disorders, less impulse control
-Restlessness, irritability, anxiety, paranoid, loss of appetite (long-term use can lead to erosion of the upper nasal cavity; crash that follows is mental/physical exhaustion- sleep, depression before craving it again) (strength boost)
Withdrawal
Discomfort and distress that follows the discontinuation of an addictive drug
NREM stage 3
Deep sleep, hard to wake up, sleepwalking can begin, delta waves mean less blood to the brain, more blood to the body to replenish muscles (loud noise awakens you but you don't remember it)
Narcolepsy
Falling asleep randomly (1/2000 have this)
Depressants
calm neural activity and slow the body's functions down
LSD
Marijuana
Ecstasy/MDMA
(hallucinogens)
-Dreaminess, bliss, heightened awareness, anxiety, confusion, paranoid, fear, depression, dangerous behavior (serotonin)
-Has THC, relaxation, disinhibition, increased sociability, impaired judgment, reduced coordination, distorted perception, affected memory/thinking, difficulty in thinking/problem-solving, anxiety (inhibit dopamine)
-Distortions in time and perception, enhanced enjoyment of experiences associated with touch, reduced inhibitions, increased motor activity, alertness, euphoria, blurred vision, dehydration, anxiety, depression (serotonin)
Physical dependence
Physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
REM stage 4
Rapid brain waves, increased heartrate, irregular breathing, the brain is making neural connections and storing the day's information, dreams occur, body is paralyzed to keep from acting out the dream, waste products from the brain's neural activity during the day is flushed out; happens after 90 minutes
Somnambulism
Stimulants
Excite neural activity and arouse body functions
How cocaine affects transmission
-Cocaine blocks transporters (which removes access neurotransmitters) which leaves dopamine trapped in the synaptic cleft which causes dopamine to overstimulate the cell over and over
Psychological dependence
Psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
Circadian rhythm
Why we sleep
-The biological clock of regular bodily rhythms like temperature and wakefulness during a 24 hour cycle
-Protection, neural recuperation, memory, creative thinking, growth
Insomnia
Sleep paralysis
-Not being able to fall asleep or stay asleep
-Waking up and not being able to move your body for an extended period of time
Hallucinogens
Distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
THC
The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers mild hallucinations; disinhibition, and euphoria, amplifies senses, lingers in the body, intensifies anxiety/depression, impairs motor coordination, misjudges events, disrupts memory formation