Transformations and Conflicts
What were the 4 main transformations of the 17th century?
Political, Economic, Social, & Cultural and Artistic
In Europe, he was the best example of an absolute monarch. Known as the 'Sun King', he controlled all the powers of government, and created an efficient public administration and tax system.
Who!?!?
Louis XIV of France (1643-1715)
.... emerged with the rise in trade.
This encouraged loans, companies of shareholders, and the creation of ....?
The first one was in ....?
1) financial capitalism
2) stock exchanges
3) Antwerp
Who ruled over Spain between 1598-1700?
Who was delegated the tasks of government?
1) Philip III (1598-1621), Philip IV (1621-1665), Charles II (1665-1700)
2) Validos or royal favourites
What was the scientific revolution based on? (2)
Who came up with these terms?
Empiricism (Francis Bacon) and Rationalism (René Descartes)
What were the two important European conflicts?
the Thirty Years' War and the Franco-Spanish War
What were the two foundations to monarchs' absolute power? Explain a little bit about them!
1) The theory of the divine origin of their power (bestowed on them directly by God, and they were accountable to God alone).
2) Centralized administration (managed from the court by civil servants who ensured that the monarch controlled the economy and army and that their orders were obeyed throughout their kingdom)
Explain the crisis in urban manufacturing...
The guilds impeded its development. Some countries began using new forms of production, such as the introduction of factories, or large workshops, where a great number of artisans worked together and were paid a wage by an entrepreneur
Explain the causes and consequences of political problems faced by Spain during the 17th century...
Political Causes:
1) foreign: defeat at rocroi and treaties of Westphalia and the Pyrenees... 2) domestic: centralized government
Political Consequences: Beginning of the decline of the monarchy. Revolt of Catalonia and uprising of Portugal, which gained independence from Spain in 1668.
The popes sought to highlight ..........., to do so, they commissioned projects from Carlo Maderno and, above all, Bernini.
the role of Rome as the head of Catholicism and the Counter-Reformation
What happened when Spain and the emperor were defeated at Rocroi (1643)? What were the requirements of this?
They signed the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). The treaty required the emperor to accept religious tolerance and acknowledge the power of the German princes, while Spain had to accept the independence of the United Provinces.
What caused the 1640 and 1688 revolutions? What were the results of the revolutions?
1) England was the best example of a parliamentary monarchy. Attempts to introduce absolute monarchy there, met with opposition from the English parliament. The confrontation between the two led to the revolutions.
2) 1640: ended with the execution of the king, Charles I (1649)
3) 1688: ended with the abdication of James II and the coronation of the Dutch nobleman William of Orange
Explain the causes of the decline in agrarian output...
Who did it effect?
How did the Netherlands and England benefit?
1) Due to climatic anomalies, wars, and poor farming techniques.
2) Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean
3) They adopted new techniques to conserve soil fertility, such as forge planting instead of leaving fields fallow, as well as the use of better adapted plant species
Explain the causes and consequences of demographic problems faced by Spain during the 17th century...
Demographic Causes: Continual wars, poor harvests, outbreaks of Bubonic Plague and emigration to America
Demographic Consequences: Drop in population
Who was Francesco Borromini? What did he do? Name 1 of his works!
Another renowned architect. He built churches marked by a great display of movement, such as Saint Yves at La Sapienza and the Saint Charles at the Four Fountains
What were the causes of the Thirty Years' War? Who was the war between?
1) Conflict over the unity of the empire and autonomy
2) Catholic German empire backed by Spain VS. German princes, protestants, support from France, Sweden, Denmark, the United Provinces and England
What institutions did Louis XIV take control over? What powers of state government did he control?
1) Over the Courts
2) He controlled sovereign power, legislative power, and public order
The Netherlands, England, and France created their own.....?
And founded....?
Explain what they founded...!
1) colonial empire
2) chartered companies
3) were granted a commercial monopoly in a certain area or for a certain product
Explain the causes and consequences of the economic problems faced by Spain during the 17th century...
Economic Causes:
1) Agriculture: Expulsion of the Moriscos.
2) Industry: Purchase of foreign products, lack of technical expertise and a limited domestic market
3) Commerce: Pirate attacks, contraband, and illegal trade
Economic Consequences: Abandonment of garden crops. Crisis amongst the guilds. Decline in trade with America and a drop in incoming precious metals
Who was the most innovative painter? How are his works characterized? Give 2 examples of his works.
Caravaggio
the naturalistic treatment of the figures and a use of tenebrism, which is a pronounced form of chiaoscuro that involves a predominant use of shadow that contrasts with brightly illuminated areas.
The Calling of Saint Matthew, The Conversion of Saint Paul, and Death of the Virgin
What were the causes of the Franco-Spanish War? What was the battle called & who won?
1) Continued conflict following the Thirty Years' War
2) Battle of the Dunes (1658). Spain is defeated
In the 1689 Bill of Rights, what limitations of power were accepted by the king? What institution had to authorize the king's actions and on what matters?
The power to suspend laws or execute them without levying taxes without grant of Parliament. The Parliament, regarding legislative and economic affairs.
What did mercantilist theory advocate for? 2 answers, explain both
Explain the French, English, and Spanish models of mercantilism (1 each)
1) state intervention: promotion of product sales abroad, the encouragement of national manufacture, the prohibition of exports of a country's raw materials, the levying of taxes of foreign products, etc.
2) The conquest of new markets: undertaken by annexing new territories or colonies, which provided raw materials and also new customers to buy the state's manufactured goods.
3) French: agriculture, state industry, and foreign trade
English: industry and foreign trade
Spanish: accumulation of precious metals
Which events took place in 1609, 1640, 1652, and 1688? Which monarchs reigned at that time?
1609: the Twelve Year's Truce begins and the expulsion of the Moriscos takes place under the reign of Philip III
1640: the revolt of Catalonia and Portugal under the reign of Philip IV
1652: Philip IV swears obedience to the Catalan laws
1688: Portugal wins independence from Spain during the reign of Charles II
Who was Gian Lorenzo Bernini?
Name 2 architectural works he created or designed...
Name 2 sculptures and paintings.... also name a theme he touched on
Created the Baldachin of Saint Peter's Basilica, designed the colonnades in the square outside Saint Peter's, the Church of Saint Andrew's at the Quirinal and the Palace Barberini
David, Apollo and Daphne (mythological works), Tomb of Urban VIII (celebrated the role played by the popes), Ecstasy of Saint Theresa (Counter-Reformation themes), and portrait busts like Louis XIV