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What is a phenome ?
A phenome is the collection of all observable traits (physical and behavioral) in an organism, influenced by genetics and the environment.
What is secure attachment style
Comfortable with intimacy and trusting in relationships.
What is classical conditioning
A learning process where a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally triggers a response until the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response.
What is conversion ?
A child's ability to recognize that the amount of something remains the same even when its appearance changes.
Habitation
Decreased response to repeated stimuli (e.g., tuning out background noise).
How do you find mean median mode and range ?
Mean: Add all numbers together, then divide by the total count.
Median: The middle number when arranged in order. If even, find the average of the two middle numbers.
Mode: The number that appears most frequently.
Range: The difference between the highest and lowest numbers.
What is anxious attachment style
Craves closeness but fears abandonment.
Define the following:
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) –
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) –
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Response (CR) –
Neutral Stimulus (NS) – A stimulus that initially has no effect (e.g., a bell).
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Naturally triggers a response (e.g., food causing salivation).
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – A previously neutral stimulus that now triggers a response (e.g., the bell after training).
Unconditioned Response (UCR) – A natural reaction to a UCS (e.g., salivating to food).
Conditioned Response (CR) – A learned response to a CS (e.g., salivating to a bell).
What is fluid intelligence?
The ability to think quickly, solve new problems, and adapt.
High order condition
When a new stimulus is paired with an already conditioned stimulus (e.g., associating a light with a bell that signals food).
WHAT IS A PHOBIA ?
An intense, irrational fear of something (e.g., fear of spiders or heights).
Prefers independence and avoids emotional closeness.
What is extinction?
When a conditioned response fades after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is crystallized intelligence?
– Knowledge and skills gained from experience.
Social learning theory
Learning behaviors by watching others (e.g., children mimicking adults).
DEFINE THE FOLLOWING
Experiment
Correlational
Case Study –
Survey Analysis –
Meta-analysis –
Naturalistic Observation –
Experiment – A controlled study that tests cause-and-effect by manipulating variables.
Correlational – Examines relationships between variables but does not prove causation.
Case Study – In-depth analysis of an individual or small group.
Survey Analysis – Uses questionnaires to gather data from many people.
Meta-analysis – Combines results from multiple studies to find overall trends.
Naturalistic Observation – Observes subjects in their natural environment without interference.
What is disorganized attachment style?
Shows mixed behaviors, often due to past trauma.
What is operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcements and punishments
What is a critical period?
A specific time when certain skills must develop (e.g., language in early childhood).
Insight
A sudden realization or "aha" moment in problem-solving.
WHAT IS A SUPERSTITION ?
A belief that certain actions or objects cause unrelated outcomes (e.g., believing a black cat crossing your path brings bad luck).
What is an attachment style?
A pattern of behavior in close relationships, primarily shaped by early interactions with primary caregivers as an infant, that describes how someone typically responds to emotional intimacy and connection with others, often categorized as secure, anxious, avoidant, or disorganized;
Define the following:
Positive Reinforcement –
Negative Reinforcement –
Positive Punishment –
Negative Punishment –
Positive Reinforcement – Adding a reward to increase behavior (e.g., getting candy for good grades).
Negative Reinforcement – Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior (e.g., taking aspirin to relieve a headache).
Positive Punishment – Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior (e.g., extra chores for breaking rules).
Negative Punishment – Taking away something desirable to decrease behavior (e.g., losing phone privileges for bad behavior).
What is an ACE?
An ACE is a traumatic event in childhood (e.g., abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) that can negatively impact mental and physical health later in life.
What is Bias
Bias is a tendency to think in a particular way that affects judgment.