Cell Cycle/Mitosis
What are the phases of the cell cycle in order?
G1, S, G2, M
What is the purpose of meiosis?
to produce gametes
What components make up a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What base is in RNA that is not in DNA?
Uracil
What is a mutation best defined as?
A change in the DNA sequence
What is the main purpose of mitosis?
growth and repair
What type of cells undergo meiosis?
sperm and egg cells
Which scientist came up with the base pair rule and what is that rule?
Erwin Chargaff; Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in cells?
What is the primary function of messenger RNA (mRNA) in cells?
What are the types of gene mutations?
insertion, deletion, substitution
What cells undergo mitosis?
somatic cells
What is the correct order of the stages of meiosis?
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
What is the main purpose of DNA replication within cells?
To ensure the accurate duplication of genetic information
What is the primary function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in cells?
To transfer amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
Which type of mutation results from the addition or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of the gene?
Frameshift
What are the phases of mitosis in order?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?
Prophase I
helicase-unzips the double strand
topoisomerase-prevents supercoiling
primase-makes primers that signal where to start building the new strand
DNA polymerase-builds the new strand
Ligase-glues okazaki fragments
What is the main purpose of transcription in protein synthesis?
To convert DNA into mRNA
A patient's karyotype is 47 XXY. What disorder does he have?
Klinefelter's syndrome
What is the end product of mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells
Why is meiosis referred to as a reduction division?
It produces 4 unique cells, with half the # of chromosomes as the parent cell
Describe the major steps of DNA replication
Initiation: Helicase unzips the double strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases, separating the two strands of DNA. Primase synthesizes a segment of RNA called a primer. The primer signals DNA polymerase on where to start building the new strand of DNA
Elongation: DNA polymerase builds the new strand of DNA. It adds complementary nucleotides, found floating freely inside the nucleus, to each of the original strands.
Termination: RNA primers are removed, leaving gaps between the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. Ligase glues/joins the Okazaki fragments together to create the new strand of DNA
What is the main purpose of translation in protein synthesis?
To assemble amino acids into a protein
A female patient has an extra chromosome on chromosome #17. What is the chromosomal notation?
47 XX +17