Eating Disorders
List the the types of eating disorders we covered and what each of them mean.
Anorexia Nervosa-
Purposefully taking in little nourishment. Results in low body weight and below of people in a similar height or gender as the individual. Fearful or gaining weight, prevent weight gain despite low body weight. Distorted body perception. Failure to appreciate serious implications
Bulimia Nervosa-
Repeated binge eating episodes. Ill-Advised compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain. Weekly to 3 months of symptoms Inappropriate influence of weight and shape on appraisal of self
Binge Eating Disorder-
Recurrent eating episodes with at least three of the features. Fast Eating, Absence of Hunger, Uncomfortable Fullness, Secret eating due to shame, Feelings of disgust, depression, or severe guilt, Significant Distress: Weekly over the course of 3 months. Absence of Compensatory
Describe the difference between a substance use disorder and substance intoxication.
Although similar in some aspects, an SUD includes the repeated pattern of behaviors, while substance intoxication describes the effect and can describe one event.
What are some diagnostic criteria for people who have Schizophrenia?
Psychotic disorder that deteriorate personal, social, and occupational functioning because of the unusual perceptions, odd thoughts, disturbed emotions, and motor abnormalities.
For 1 month or more, a person displays two or more of these: Delusions*, Hallucinations*, Disorganized Speech*, abnormal motor activity, and negative symptoms (*must have one).
What is a personality disorder, and is it easy to treat?
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behaviors that impairs a person's sense of self, emotional experience, goals, capability for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy.
It is NOT easy to treat.
Name the two types of anxiety disorders we talked about in children/adolescents.
Separation Anxiety Disorder- 4-10% of all children. Extreme anxiety, often panic, when separated from home or parents. Hopefully this does not persist into adulthood. More often in school setting.
Selective Mutism- 1% When a child consistently fail to speak in certain social situations and no difficulty in other situations. Mainly in School Settings.
What contributes to the increase in eating disorders?
Culture: Ideas of the Youth, Beauty Standards from social media.
The need for control.
List the 11 different criteria for a substance use disorder.
Using more of a substance than intended or using it for longer than you’re meant to.
Trying to cut down or stop using the substance but being unable to.
Experiencing intense cravings or urges to use the substance.
Needing more of the substance to get the desired effect — also called tolerance.
Developing withdrawal symptoms when not using the substance.
Spending more time getting and using drugs and recovering from substance use.
Neglecting responsibilities at home, work or school because of substance use.
Continuing to use even when it causes relationship problems.
Giving up important or desirable social and recreational activities due to substance use.
Using substances in risky settings that put you in danger.
Continuing to use despite the substance causing problems to your physical and mental health.
Name the three phases of Schizophrenia.
Prodromal- Beginning; mild symptoms. Social isolation, unusual thoughts, problems with communication, and less emotion
Active- More apparent symptoms
Residual- Return to Prodromal Symptoms (More negative symptoms)
Discuss and explain each disorder in the Odd Cluster.
People within this cluster has symptoms that are similar to that of schizophrenia, but not as extensive. Social withdrawal, suspicious, and also has a particular way of thinking and perception.
Paranoid- Distrust and suspicion of others
Schizoid- Persistence avoidance of social relationships and little demonstration of emotions
Schizotypal- Range of interpersonal problems, discomfort in close relationships, odd ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities.
What is oppositional defiant disorder?
Repeatedly argumentative, defiant, angry and irritable, and in some cases vindictive.
Repeated arguments with adults, loss of temper, anger and resentment
Ignore requests and rules, and trying to annoy people, and blame others for their mistakes.
Describe the Biological Perspective of Eating Disorders.
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH): Produce hunger. Ventromedial Hypothalamus
(VMH): reduces hunger.
Weight set point- Genetic inheritance and early eating practices.
What are the three main categories of substances we talked about, and what do they do?
Stimulants- Increasing the activity of the CNS. Increase blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness (Rapid behaviors and thinking)
Depressants- Slows the activity of the Central Nervous System. Reducing tension and inhibitions. May interfere with judgment, motor activity, and concentration
Hallucinogens- powerful changes primarily in sensory perceptions
Name some Positive Symptoms.
Excesses or additions to normal thoughts, emotions, or behaviors.
Delusions: Ideas that are believed, but have no basis in fact. Some have single, some have multiple. Delusions of Persecution, Reference, Grandeur, and Control.
Disorganized Speech or Thinking: Loose associations or derailment, Neologisms (Made up words), Perseveration (repeating words or statements), and Clang (Rhymes)
Inappropriate affect: Situationally unsuitable emotions, might be a response to other disorder feature.
Heightened Perceptions and Hallucinations:
Perception: Distracting background speech deficiencies in smooth eye movement
Hallucinations: Commonly auditory, can involve ANY OTHER SENSE
Describe and discuss the disorders within the Dramatic Cluster.
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors that make it difficult to establish a relationship. It is more commonly diagnosed. It is not well understood and therefore harder to treat with moderately to ineffective results.
Antisocial- Persistently disregard and violate other people’s rights. (usually behaviors start earlier in life)
Borderline- Unstable sense of self. Major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, and impulsivity.
Histrionic- Emotional and continually seek to be center of attention. Approval and praise is important. Attention-seeking behaviors
Narcissistic- Grandiose sense of self, need for admiration, and no empathy for others. Exaggeration of achievements, and arrogant.
In Conduct disorder, what makes it different than Oppositional Defiant Disorder?
More severe when a child repeatedly violate others’ basic rights.
Often aggressive and my be physically cruel to animals and people.
Steal threaten or harm victims.
What are some Psychodynamic perspectives on Eating Disorders?
Disturbed Mother-Child Interactions
Parents define a child's needs rather than allow the child to state their needs. When upset or anxious, many mistake it for hunger. Difficulty putting labels on their feelings.
What does the socio-cultural theory say about SUD?
Higher risk: Stressful socioeconomic conditions, Families that value/tolerate use, confront other stress regularly
Name some Negative Symptoms.
Pathological Deficits: Lacking Characteristics
Poverty of Speech- Reduction in quality in speech or content, or they can say a lot or have little content
Restricted Affect- Show less emotions than other people. Can be blunt in which they have little or it can be flat which mean there is none. Avoidance of eye contact/lack of expression
Loss of Volition- Feeling drained of energy or interest. Inability to follow through. Ambivalence: Conflicted feelings about MOST things
Social Withdrawal- Withdraw from social environment and attend to their ideas and fantasies only. Breakdown of social skills as a result
Describe and discuss the disorders within the Anxious Cluster.
People with this cluster display anxious and fearful behaviors. Treatment looks considerably better than other clusters.
Avoidant- Discomfort or restraint in social situations. Overwhelming feelings of inadequacy and extremely sensitive to negative evaluation. Very similar to that of social anxiety disorder, that some argue for the combination and other see the difference between fear of social circumstances and fear of social relationships.
Dependent- Persuasive and excessive need to be cared for. Difficulty with separation is a CENTRAL FEATURE, clingy and obedient, and reliance on others for small decisions.
Obsessive-compulsive personality- Orderliness, perfectionism, and control are important and is a main focus.
What are the two categories that make up ADHD? Describe and name some examples of each.
Inattention:
-Hard to maintain attention, fail to listen when others speak to them, failure to carry out instructions, disorganized, easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli.. etc.
Hyperactive/Impulsivity:
-Fidgets, unable to play quietly, consistent motion, unable to wait for turn, talks excessively, wandering from seat inappropriately, barges into other people's converstations
What are the treatments for Eating Disorders?
Correct dangerous eating patterns and address broader psychological and situational factors.
Take care of the physical needs, especially in people who have Anorexia Nervosa.
Also include family who can learn behaviors and become educated themselves.
What is Aversion Therapy?
Based on Classical Conditioning, it is when clients are presented with an unpleasant stimulus continuously when they are taking a drug.
It is paired to create a learning that the drug results in a negative feeling.
Discuss the types of medications for people who have Schizophrenia.
First Generation Antipsychotics (1950s-1980s): Block excessive activity of dopamine. Often produce undesired movement effects. Careful prescription: low dose first, add additional for synergistic effect, gradually reduce.
Second Generation: Atypical Antipsychotics. Biological operation differs as it works on different dopamine receptors. Wider margins from side effects and time of use
What are the proposed traits for the dimensional model for personality disorders?
Negative affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism.
Name the four criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Continual deficiencies in communication and social interactions.
Significant restriction and repetition in behaviors, interests or activities. Development of speech, Echolalia, Pronoun-reversal, self-stimulatory behaviors.
Symptoms in early childhood
Experience impaired functioning