Day 1
What are biogeochemical cycles?
Movement of elements through biotic and abiotic systems
What is 2 characteristics of a virus?
Very small and not living
Define pathogen
Any microorganism causing a disease
What does the skin layer do in the immune system?
The outer layer is tightly packed with keratinized cells
What's an oxidizer?
Heterotrophic bacteria
List 3 parts of a viruis
Genome, capsid, and spike
What is worse, a high ID50 or a low ID50?
A low ID50
Describe the innate immune system
Fast, non-specific, and no memory
What is nitrogen fixation?
It is the process of converting nitrogen gas (N₂) from the atmosphere into ammonia (NH₃) that organisms can use
List the 6 steps of a life cycle of a virus
Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, maturation, and release
List all the transmission mechanisms
Direct contact, indirect contact, droplets, airborne, vector, and vertical
What does a neutrophil do?
They cause inflammation by releasing histamines to make the veins bigger and they release cytokines
What is nitrification?
It is the conversion of ammonia → nitrite → nitrate by bacteria.
What is an enveloped virus?
An enveloped virus is a virus that has an outer lipid membrane (envelope) surrounding its protein coat.
Is an endotoxin gram-negative or gram-positive?
Gram-negative
Describe the adaptive immune system
Slow the 1st time around, then fast the 2nd time, because they have memory and are also specific.
What is denitrification?
It is the process where bacteria convert nitrate (NO3-) back into nitrogen gas (N2), returning it to the atmosphere
What's the difference between a lytic cycle and a lysogenic cycle?
Lytic ends with the death of the host, and lysogenic stops after the latent phase.
What is a mycotoxin produced by?
Fungi
What do the helper T cells do?
Read the dendrites, make more helper T cells, make cytotoxic T cells, talk to naive bone marrow cells, then plasma B cells make memory B cells that last for a long time.