Causes of Exploration
The desire to gain wealth for your country.
Gold!
What two countries dominated this era of colonization & exploration?
Spain & Portugal
What sparked the Columbian Exchange?
Christopher Columbus' encounter with the Western Hemisphere (Americas)
What caused the slave trade?
Demand for cheap labor
Racist ideologies
How did the spread of disease effect the indigenous populations in the Americas?
Indigenous populations lacked immunity against European diseases which contributed to the decline of their population.
The motivation of spreading religion, particularly Christianity, throughout the world is referred to as
God!
Name one country that also took part in exploration during this time period.
Define the Columbian Exchange.
The transfer of people, ideas, crops, animals, and diseases from the Old World to the New World.
Define chattel slavery
Enslaved people were considered property.
How did the rise of plantation farming effect the Americas?
Loss of biodiversity as large land areas were cleared which wiped out plants and animals in the area. As well as draining the land of its nutrients.
Indigenous populations lost access to resources and forced into labor on the plantations.
The desire to gain status and prestige as a country and be recognized as a global power is referred to as what?
Glory
What is a trading post empire and give an example of one.
Type of empire where a country sets up small forts in different places around the world to control trade.
Portugal
Smallpox, Malaria, Yellow Fever?
Old World to New World
Describe the horrors of the Middle Passage.
Crammed at the bottom of the ship, shackled together, forced to relieve themselves where they sat, beaten, spread of disease, forced to dance and eat, etc.
What is religious syncretism and what is an example of it in the Americas?
The blending of different religious practices and beliefs.
Voodoo & Santeria- blending of African religions with Christianity
What sparked European nations to go seek alternative trade routes to the Spice Islands.
Ottoman control of the Silk Road
What is a colonial empire and give an example of one.
Where a powerful country takes control of lands far away and rules over the people there to gain wealth, land, and power.
Spain
Pigs, Cattle, Horses?
Old World to New World
The three-stage route where goods were exchanged between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 17-19th centuries
Triangle Trade
How did Casta Paintings and the Casta system affect social structures in America?
Casta system/paintings created a social hierarchy in the Americas as various racial and ethnic mixings emerged. They enforced a a social order with Europeans at the top and those of mixed descent placed in lower, marginalized positions. Ensuring the Indigenous & African populations that were exploited and abused were seen as a "natural" part of society.
The agreement between Spain & Portugal that divided the world into zones of exploration to prevent future conflicts over newly discovered territories.
Spain went West
Portugal went East
Treaty of Tordesillas
What economic system did European nations impose on their colonies? Define it.
Mercantilism- maximize the exports and minimize the imports of an economy, seeking to maximize the wealth of the country
Tomatoes & Potatoes?
New World to Old World
Name one effect of the slave trade on Africa and the Americas
Africa- population decrease, war & instability, shift in gender roles, increased power of African monarchies, left underdeveloped, etc.
America- new racial mixings, rise of casta system, increase of plantation farming and negative environmental factors, cultural syncretism, exploitation of labor, etc.
How did the Encomienda system effect the indigenous populations of the Americas?
The system was a form of exploitation and abuse were the Indigenous populations were forced to work in harsh conditions while being subjected to violence and mistreatment by European conquistadors.