Photosynthesis
Where does the light dependent reactions and calvin cycle occur?
light-dependent: thylakoids
calvin cycle: stroma
How much ATP is created from cellular respiration compared to fermentation?
36-38 instead of 2 ATP
How much ATP is created from fermentation?
2 ATP
List 2 factors that can affect the function
of an enzyme.
pH, Temperature, inhibitors
What does it mean if something is oxidized or reduced?
Oxidized: lose electron
Reduced: gain electron
Define cellular respiration.
A process that changes glucose (sugar) into ATP (energy) the cell can use to perform its functions.
Name 1 way humans use fermentation to their advantage.
We make food using fermentation. Bread, cheese, alcohol, yogurt, etc. Get ATP when oxygen isn't available (intense exercise)
What is the difference between an allosteric site and active site?
Allosteric is where an inhibitor or activator can bind that the substrate does not bind to. The active site is where a substrate binds to an enzyme.
What is the primary electron carrying molecule in photosynthesis? Where does it come from and where is it used?
NADPH (Comes from the electron transport chain and is used in the calvin cycle)
Where does each step of cellular respiration occur?
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs Cycle
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle - Matrix of mitochondria
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation - The inner membrane of the mitochondria
What type of fermentation do animals do? What about yeast?
Animals: Lactic Acid Fermentation
Yeast: Alcoholic Fermentation
How does competitive inhibition differ from noncompetitive inhibition?
Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site (which blocks the substrate from binding). Noncompetitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site (which changes the shape of the active site).
What is chemiosmosis?
The proton gradient created by pumping out H+. The protons move from high to low concentration through ATP synthase
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Electrons move through the electron transport chain. The proteins use the moving electrons to pump hydrogen ions (protons!) against the membrane. They come back through a protein called ATP synthase and ATP is made
Where does glycolysis occur. If oxygen is available what is the next step? If it is not available what will happen?
Cytosol.
Oxygen available - move to pyruvate oxidation/Krebs Cycle
Oxygen not available - fermentation occurs
Describe the phenomenon known as “induced fit" relating to enzymes.
Enzyme and substrate interact and change shape to have an optimal fit.
What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle and what happens during each?
1. Carbon fixation - carbon dioxide is attached to RuBP by the enzyme rubisco. This forms 3-PGA
2. Reduction - ATP and NADPH are used to change 3-PGA into G3P. Net gain of 1 G3P molecule.
3. Regeneration - 5 G3P molecules & ATP are used to make RuBP for the cycle to start again.
What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration? What happens at each step?
1. Glycolysis (makes 2 ATP)
- glucose broken down into pyruvate (energy investment and payoff stages)
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
- pyruvate oxidized into Acetyl CoA.
3.Krebs Cycle (makes 2 ATP)
-Break down Acetyl CoA further to get electrons (NADH & FADH2), release CO2, get 2 ATP
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (makes 32-34 ATP)
- Electrons move through the ETC . Protons move from high to low concentration through ATP synthase
If you place yeast in a cereal bag with warm water and a heat lamp, compare what would happen to a baggie of plain cheerios (3 g of sugar) and a bag of frosted flakes (21 g of sugar)? What is the process called?
The yeast are consuming the sugar (glucose) in the cereal and releasing carbon dioxide gas. The bag of frosted flakes would inflate more. This process is called alcoholic fermentation.
Describe how enzymes are able to “speed up”reactions.
By lowering the activation energy (amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction)