Absolute Monarchs
This French king was known as the "Sun King" and built the Palace of Versailles.
Who is Louis XIV?
This 1688 event saw William and Mary take the throne without bloodshed.
What is the Glorious Revolution?
He believed in natural rights—life, liberty, and property.
Who is John Locke?
This economic system dominated Europe before capitalism, focusing on state control and colonies.
This revolution led to the temporary overthrow of the French monarchy in 1789.
What is the French Revolution?
He westernized Russia and built a new capital at St. Petersburg.
Who is Peter the Great?
This 1215 document limited the power of the English monarchy.
What is the Magna Carta?
This French philosophe promoted freedom of speech and religion.
Who is Voltaire?
This class of educated, urban professionals grew during the Enlightenment.
What is the Bourgeoisie?
This event saw peasant and urban revolts in France against feudal and monarchical systems.
What is the Storming of the Bastille?
This Prussian ruler was called an “Enlightened Despot” and expanded his territory.
Who is Frederick the Great (Frederick II)
This English king was executed after losing the English Civil War.
Who is Charles I?
This Enlightenment thinker believed in the separation of powers.
Who is Montesquieu?
Enlightenment ideas spread through these informal gatherings often hosted by women.
What are salons? (Coffee Shops for Lower Class)
The Enlightenment undermined absolutism by promoting this kind of government.
What is democracy (Constitutional governments)
This Austrian empress ruled alongside her son Joseph II and worked to centralize power.
Who is Maria Theresa?
This document, signed in 1689, established the supremacy of Parliament.
What is the English Bill of Rights?
He argued the general will should guide society in The Social Contract.
Who is Rousseau?
This term refers to rulers who implemented Enlightenment ideas while maintaining royal power.
What are enlightened absolutists (or enlightened despots)
This 17th-century war, ending with the Treaty of Westphalia, weakened the Habsburgs.
What is the Thirty Years War
He revoked the Edict of Nantes, ending religious toleration for French Protestants.
Who is Louis XIV?
He ruled as “Lord Protector” during the English Commonwealth.
Who is Oliver Cromwell?
This Scottish economist promoted laissez-faire capitalism in The Wealth of Nations.
Who is Adam Smith?
He developed the idea of population growth outpacing food supply.
Who is Thomas Malthus?
This series of 18th-century revolts in various countries demonstrated resistance to centralized control.
What are the popular revolts?