DNA to Proteins
The DNA strand that ends with is a phosphate is known as which prime end?
5 prime
What name is given to a series of genes controlled by a single promoter and operator?
Operon
A _____ is used to carry genetic material from one organism to another.
What two colours are best absorbed by plants for photosynthesis?
Red and blue
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific region. What is this region called?
Recognition/restriction site.
What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quatenary
In CRISPR, Cas9 will bind and cut viral DNA upstream of what?
PAM sequence
The process of bacteria taking up recombinant plasmids is known as _____ (2 words)
Bacterial transformation
What are the inputs of the light dependent stage?
Water, ADP + Pi, NADP+
DNA standard/ladder
What three events occur during RNA processing?
Adding a 5 methyl cap, poly A tail and splicing introns out.
During attenuation, RNA polymerase is 'flung' off the operon. How does this occur?
Domains 3 and 4 bind to each other, causing the mRNA strand to separate from the operon, resulting in the RNA polymerase to fling off the operon strand.
Compare non-competitive and competitive inhibition.
Difference: In NC, inhibitors bind to the allosteric site whereas in C, they bind to the active site.
State the ATP yield at each state of aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis - 2 ATP
Krebs cycle - 2 ATP
ETC - 26 or 28 ATP
What is gel electrophoresis used for?
Separating different sized fragments of DNA or proteins.
Explain the events that must occur in order for a protein to become the secondary structure.
Hydrogen bonds form between amino acid backbones (non R group regions)
When try levels are high, repression occurs. Explain the process of repression.
When trp levels are high, 2 free trp molecules bind to the repressor's binding site, changing its shape and allows it to bind to the operator.
This prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, thus reducing trp levels.
As temperature increases towards optimum, kinetic energy increases which increases the chances of collision between enzyme active sites and substrates.
Rubisco is important for 'carbon fixation'. State what carbon fixation means.
Converting inorganic carbon to organic carbon
What enzyme used is used to join two pieces of DNA together?
DNA ligase
Explain the process of translation.
1. Mature mRNA leaves the nucleus and binds to free ribosomes.
2. tRNA binds to the mRNA via 3 complementary base pairs at a time (codon)
3. Another tRNA binds next to the current tRNA.
4. Bond forms between the two amino acids.
5. This process continues until the ribosome reaches a stop codon and the polypeptide chain is complete.
Compare sgRNA and gRNA.
Similarity: Both cut DNA
Difference: sgRNA is made up of one piece of RNA, gRNA is made up of two pieces of DNA. sgRNA is made in a lab, gRNA is naturally occurring.
In non-competitive inhibition, how can reaction rate be restored?
State the location of the Krebs cycle and the outputs.
Location: Fluid matrix
Outputs: CO2, 2ATP, FADH2, NADH
Describe the process of PCR.
1. Denaturation - DNA heated to 90-95 and hydrogen bonds break and separate into two strands.
2. Annealing - Mixture cooled to 50-60 and forward and reverse primers added to both DNA strands.
3. Extension/elongation - Temperature increased to 72 and taq polymerase binds to each primer, adding free nucleotides.