Photosynthesis: Light Dependent Reactions
The products (3) of light dependent reactions are...
ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen
The Calvin cycle must occur ___ time(s) to make 1 molecule of the resulting sugar
3
Glycolysis occurs in the
In pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, carbons are removed. They are turned into ______, and leave our body as we ______
Carbon dioxide; exhale
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
They lower the activation energy required for the reaction to start
At the end of this reaction, NADP+ is _______ to make one of the products
Reduced (the product in question is NADPH)
The products of the Calvin Cycle are (3)...
Sugar (G3P), NADP+, ADP
The difference between obligate and facultative anaerobes is
Obligate anaerobes only use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Facultative anaerobes can use either respiration or fermentation.
The step that makes the most ATP is
Oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain occurs in (3 areas).
Chloroplasts; mitochondria; prokaryotic plasma membranes
What two things go into light dependent reactions?
Water (H2O), and Light
Carbon dioxide enters leaves through the ____; the Calvin Cycle happens in the _____
Stomata; stroma
The net yield of glycolysis is
2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH
(also 2 H+ and 2 water molecules, but this isn’t required to get the point)
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle happen ___ time(s) per glucose molecule because ______
2; they happen once per pyruvate, and 1 glucose molecule makes 2 pyruvates.
ATP synthesis in oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation is driven by...
Chemiosmosis; An electron gradient is built up on one side of a membrane, and then the electrons flow through the ATP synthase.
What is the initial electron donor, and what is the final acceptor in light dependent reactions?
Donor: Water (H2O)
Acceptor: NADP+
How is the Calvin Cycle connected to light dependent reactions?
The products of light dependent reactions (NADPH and ATP) are used to power the Calvin cycle, whose products then go back to light dependent reactions.
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present then the pyruvate(s) will move to the ______[location] to have more energy extracted in ___________. If oxygen is not present, ________ occurs.
Mitochondria; pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle/ aerobic respiration; fermentation
What molecules in the citric acid cycle capture the energy from the redox reactions?
FAD (which becomes FADH2) and NAD+ (which becomes (NADH)
In the electron transport chain, the electrons are passed from complexes of ______ free energy to ones with _______ free energy. The electrons are finally passed to _____ which has a _____ electronegativity. This forms a ______ molecule.
High; low; oxygen; high; water
What do the parts of the split H2O get used for (the parts are 2 electrons, 2H+, and one O)?
The electrons go to the chlorophyll in photosystem 2 to replace those used in the reaction. The hydrogens help build up a concentration in the thylakoid space, later used in chemiosmosis. The Oxygen joins another one to make O2.
The term “carbon fixation” refers to
Incorporating carbon dioxide into organic material
Name one thing fermentation, anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration have in common
Options:
All of them oxidize glucose/other organic fuels to pyruvate through glycolysis
The primary electron acceptor is NAD+
From a glucose molecule, after pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, the products are ___ ATP, ___ NADH, and ___ FADH2
2 [ATP]; 8 [NADH]; 2 [FADH];
How can you tell if an inhibitor is competitive or noncompetitive, and why does this work?
Increase the substrate concentration. If the reaction rate increases then the inhibitor is competitive; increasing the substrate concentration increases chances of the substrate binding before the inhibitor. With noncompetitive inhibitors, it wouldn’t make a difference.