Enzyme Structure
The function of an enzyme is dependent on its ______________
shape
Enzymes work in chemical reactions by
*think energy
lowering the activation energy
During photosynthesis, the electrons needed to replace those used in the ETC (to produce NADPH) come directly from
Water
Glucose is produced in photosynthesis through the reduction of
Carbon Dioxide
True or false: Starch is a major source of fuel for animals
True, Starch is broken down into glucose for cellular respiration.
If a protein's, or enzyme's, shape is changed, it is referred to as ________________
Denaturation
Denatured
Describe induced fit
Induced fit is when the substrate binds to the enzyme causes and causes a change in shape of the enzyme (conformational). This allows for stronger binding.
Diesel fuel is only about 41% effective at converting chemical energy into mechanical energy. The rest is lost as heat. This is an example of
The second law of thermodynamics
The oxygen released in photosynthesis comes directly from
Water
Describe how the energy contained in ATP is released
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is broken
The difference between an allosteric inhibitor and a competitive inhibitor is
A competitive inhibitor bind to the active site (it competes with the normal substrate) and an allosteric inhibitor binds with the allosteric site and causes the active site to be blocked.
Identify 3 ways the shape of an enzyme can be affected
pH
Temperature
salinity (salt) / chemicals
Based on the photo of light absorption.
What is the primary color this pigment absorbs?
What is the primary color this pigment reflects?
absorbs green/blue
reflects orange/red
What would be the result of a C3 plant closing its stomata during the day?
The amount of CO2 needed for the Calvin cycle would decrease
Acetyl CoA is created from which molecule?
Pyruvate
A reaction involves the breakdown of a substrate called Ologan. The use of Ologanease to break this substrate down is a part of a __________ reaction
The difference between a coenzyme and a cofactor is
coenzymes are organic
cofactors are inorganic
The Calvin cycle must run 3 times in order to produce 6 molecules of G3P. Why does the plant only receive 1 of these G3P molecules?
The other 5 are used to regenerate RuBP
The Calvin cycle produces the following molecules that are needed in the light reactions
ADP and NADP+
One way the proton gradient is created in cellular respiration is the same as photosynthesis. Describe how it is accomplished this way
The electron transport chain moves electrons down the membrane and brings H into the membrane
On the chalkboard, draw an allosteric activator and an allosteric inhibitor. Describe each.
A molecule binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and stabilizes the enzyme so the active site remains
open = active = activator
closed = inactive = inhibitor
Explain why the reactants (ingredients) for cellular respiration ALONE are not enough to produce ATP.
I.e. describe in detail what you need to add to make the reaction happen. Why are these things needed?
Enzymes catalyze the reaction of cellular respiration, meaning they allow it to happen quickly.
Glucose must be broken down into pyruvate with hydrogenases (enzymes), which are converted into acetyl CoA, and they are used to make Citrate (citric acid). In the Krebs cycle, FADH2 and NADH are produced which later are used to fuel chemiosmosis with protons for the ATP synthase pump.
If the electron transport chain is disrupted, then the ETC proteins would not be able to pump H+ ions into the thylakoid for the ATP pump. Much less ATP would be made. Also, the electrons would not reach NADP+ in order to create NADPH. The Calvin cycle needs both ATP and NADPH to create sugars. Therefore the plant will die.
Identify three pigments commonly founding plants and briefly describe each of their roles.
Chlorophyll a - primary pigment in photosynthesis
chlorophyll b - accessory pigment, broadens spectrum of light received,
carotenoids - accessory pigment, broadens light spectrum received, helps in photoprotection
Using human muscles as an example, explain what happens when you feel a "burning sensation" while exercising.
When muscles run low on oxygen they use lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP. Although it is less efficient, it is a quick way to supply muscles with energy. The production of lactate is what causing the burning sensation. Lactate is taken up in the blood and later broken down in the liver using oxygen. This is said to "pay your oxygen debt"