Psych Investigated/Background
Can say: Eyewitness testimony, false memory, line-ups, or false positive responses
All of the studies in this approach are the same type of study - what is it? (must be specific)
Lab experiment
Describe two details about the phone call in Andrade (doodling)
2.5 minutes long, on a recording device, 8 names of those going, etc.
What 2 variables did Baron-Cohen find a negative correlation between?
Fatigue effect, demand characteristics, and participant variables all affect what?
Internal Validity
Does the cognitive approach support individual or situational explanations more?
Individual, because it says our cognition (thoughts, emotions) influence our behaviors.
There is only one study in this class that uses a random sample, which is it?
Baron-Cohen - Group 4 (IQ-Matched Group)
How many a) videos and b) photo arrays did the participants in Pozzulo et al. (line-ups) see?
4 videos & 8 photo-arrays
Outline one conclusion from Andrade
*will accept any correct answer, as long as it is in the present-tense and not study-specific*
What is one strength of using a questionnaire rather than an interview?
Lack of social desirability bias because they are not face-to-face.
Why did Pozzulo think children are more likely to give false positive responses?
They are prone to social factors, like pressure from adults
What are the 4 different samples in Baron-Cohen et al. (eyes test)?
Group 1 - AS/HFA Adults; Group 2 - Normal adults; Group 3 - normal students; Group 4 - IQ-matched group to group 1
What is a difference between the AQ Test and the Eyes Test?
*can say anything accurate*. Ex: the AQ test gives statements and you have to rate how much those describe you. The eyes test picks out emotions people are feeling
Andrade (doodling) described that doodling may help concentration. Why?
Name 2 ways Baron-Cohen has HIGH generalizability
When combined, we have a massive sample size. IQ-matched group was random sampled. Large age range.
Name 2 problems with the original eyes test and how they changed it in the revised version?
*Can say anything accurate*. Ex: There were only 2 emotions on the original, changed it to 4.
Which variables were "independent measures" in both Andrade AND Baron-Cohen?
Andrade - doodling vs. not doodling
Baron-Cohen - group they were in (autism vs. not)
What are two ways Andrade (doodling) was standardized?
Pozzulo et al. (line-ups) concluded that errors made by children are due to social factors. How did they conclude this if the children did poorly in most of the conditions?
Why is the use of quantitative data a strength?
It limits interpretation from researchers and makes it easier to analyze.
What are BOTH assumptions of the cognitive approach?
1. Information is processed through input-processing-output (similar to a computer), and this route is the same in all humans.
2. People have differences in their cognition, such as attention, thinking, and memory. These differences explain behavior and emotion.
There are 3 IVs and 2 conditions per IV in Pozzulo et al. (line-ups). What are they? (so you should say 9 words)
Age - children vs. adults
Familiarity - familiar (cartoon) vs. unfamiliar (human)
Type of Line-Up - target-present vs. target-absent
Both Andrade and Pozzulo include filler questions.
A) How long were each of them?
B) What was the purpose of the filler questions?
A) Andrade - 1 minute; Pozzulo - 2 minutes
B) to make sure the information was put into long-term memory, not just short-term storage
There are 3 IVs in Pozzulo - age, familiarity, and type of line-up. What did Pozzulo find about each of these?
Age - children did worse than adults, except in the target-present cartoon
Familiarity - all did better with cartoons (familiar) than humans (unfamiliar)
Type of Line-Up - the kids did significantly worse on the target-absent.
Discuss 1 way that ecological validity is a problem in all 3 studies.
Andrade - not typically paying attention in a quiet, dull room
Baron-Cohen - usually seeing all of a person, not just their eyes, so you can pick up on nonverbal cues
Pozzulo - usually a crime environment that is stressful