Feudalism & Society
What system declined as agriculture, trade, finance, towns, and universities developed in medieval Europe?
The Feudal System
What organization of people in the same occupation set standards for quality, prices, and supervised training?
Guilds
What new church architectural style evolved around 1100 with large windows and pointed arches?
Gothic
Who asked for help in 1093, prompting Pope Urban II to call for the First Crusade?
Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenus
Who invaded England in 1066 and commissioned the Domesday Book?
William the Conquerer
What change in harnessing animals allowed farmers to plow more land and increase food production?
Switching to horses
Name two developments listed that contributed to the growth of a modern economy in medieval Europe.
Growth of banking and technological/agricultural improvements, commerce, towns, guilds, rise of merchant class.
What structural innovation supported large Gothic walls and allowed for taller windows?
Flying buttresses
Which city did Crusaders capture in 1099 during the First Crusade?
Jerusalem
What important legal document, signed in 1215, limited the king's power and guaranteed political rights?
The Magna Carta.
Describe the three-field system used around 800 and its main purpose.
Farmers planted two fields and left one fallow (resting) each year to increase crop yields and food supply.
Approximately what fraction of Europe’s population died during the bubonic plague epidemic?
One-third to One-half
What compromise in 1122 allowed the pope to appoint bishops while giving the emperor veto power?
The Concordat of Worms.
Who retook Jerusalem in 1187 during the 2nd Crusade?
Saladin.
What development under Henry II helped form a unified body of English law?
Use of royal judges to institute juries creating common law.
How could a serf become free by moving to a town?
A serf could become free by living in a town for a year and a day.
Give two demographic or economic consequences of the plague that helped end aspects of medieval society.
Massive population loss led to labor shortages, higher wages for workers, decline of manorial systems, disrupted trade, and contributed to social and economic changes that ended reliance on feudal structures.
What promise did the pope make to Crusaders who died that encouraged participation in the Crusades?
The pope promised Crusaders who died would earn a place in heaven.
During the Third Crusade, which two leaders made peace in 1192, with one allowing Christian pilgrims into Jerusalem?
Richard the Lionheart and Saladin.
What weapon gave the English major victories in the Hundred Years' War and signaled the decline of reliance on knights?
The long-bow
What social class began to shift the social order in towns by taxing and governing them, causing resentment from feudal lords?
The merchant/guild class
How did the plague affect the authority of the Church and social attitudes?
The Church's institutional authority weakened as people lost faith in prayer; religion's social influence declined and social unrest increased.
Name two effects of the Crusades on European society.
Expanded trade and cultural exchange (Muslim knowledge), weakened papal/noble power and strengthened kings, and created lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians.
Describe the long-term effect of the Crusades on relations between religious groups.
The Crusades created lasting bitterness and hostility between Muslims and Christians.
Who was the French peasant girl who led French forces to victory at Orléans and was later captured and executed?
Joan of Arc