Cognitive and Physical Development
The psychologist who made the four stages of cognitive development.
Who is Jean Piaget?
The ability to understand the words being spoken to or about you.
What is Receptive Language?
Direct environments (family, school, peers).
What is a Microsystem
Boys should be strong and assertive.
Girls should be nurturing and cooperative.
What are examples of Gender Roles?
Reinforcers that are related to humans’ innate desires
What are Primary Reinforcers
Harmful substances that affect normal fetal development.
What are Teratogens?
The ability to speak words in order to communicate.
What is Productive Language?
Interactions between microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher relationships).
What is a Mesosystem?
A mental framework a child forms about what it means to be a boy or girl.
What is the Gender Schema Theory?
The reinforcement schedule that produces scalloped graphs.
What is Fixed Interval?
Specific timeframes when certain experiences are essential for normal development to occur.
What are Critical Periods?
rules for organizing words and sentences.
What is Grammar & Syntax?
Indirect influences (e.g., parent's job, local government)
What is an exosystem?
The socially expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits a culture considers appropriate for males and females.
What are Gender Roles?
The concept that led to Skinner's formalization of operant conditioning.
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
This experiment found that children develop depth perception in early infancy, coinciding with the ability to crawl.
What is the Visual Cliff Experiment?
two-word combinations, often missing grammar (e.g., “want toy”)
What is telegraphic speech?
Cultural beliefs, values, customs, and laws
What is a macrosystem?
We learn gender roles by observing and imitating others and receiving rewards/punishments.
What is Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory?
This type of learning, studied extensively by Ivan Pavlov, involves associating a neutral stimulus with one that naturally elicits a response.
What is Classical Conditioning
The four stages of cognitive development in order.
What is Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational
combinations of consonants and vowels (around 4–6 months)
What is babbling?
Life changes and historical context (e.g., adolescence, pandemic).
What is a Chronosystem:
The process by which a child becomes aware of their gender and adopts the behaviors and attitudes associated with that gender.
What is Gender Typing?
This early psychological perspective, championed by John B. Watson, focused primarily on studying observable actions and how we learn from our environment.
What is behaviorism?