A
Substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes congenital disabilities ie: drugs, alcohol, chemicals
Teratogens
Infant process reflexes
Gibson and Walk
To examine depth perception in infants
Visual Cliff Apparatus
Type of Reinforcement:
Playing slot machines, poker, or lottery tickets, individuals engaging in gambling are often unaware of how many attempts or responses are necessary before obtaining a reward.
Schedule of reinforcement: variable-ratio
Birth - 2 years old
Object permanence
Sensorimotor stage
A child consistently completes their homework on time. As a result, their parents decide to remove one of their regular chores for the week as a reward.
Operant conditioning
Negative reinforcement
Traumatic events that occur in childhood which include violence, abuse, and growing up in a family with mental health or substance use problems.
Adverse Childhood experience (ACE)
System to identify and explain different environment that we operate as individuals
Development over time such as major life changes, historical events
Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory
Chronosystem
The distance between a child's actual developmental level and their potential level of development with guidance and support from adults or more skilled peers
Vygotsky : Zone of proximal development ZPD
At this stage, children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events and able to understand mathematical transformation and conservation
Piaget
Concrete operational stage
Learned behaviors through the observation, modeling, and imitating of new behaviors that are reinforced by other people, or “models.”
Bandura
Social learning theory
Type of Schedule of reinforcement:
Monthly review at work, a teacher giving a reward for good behavior each class, and a weekly paycheck.
schedule of reinforcement : Fixed interval
When a stimulus receives a positive response the behavior is more likely to be repeated, and when a stimulus receives a negative response the behavior is more likely to happen less frequently.
Thorndike : Law of effect
Around (24 to 30 months)
Children begin to use short, simple sentences that include only essential words
"Daddy work"
Language development stage: One-word telegraphic speech
Language development: The study of how meaning is stored in the mind
semantics
Form of learning that is not immediately expressed
The subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation.
latent learning
System to identify and explain different environment that we operate as individuals
Social and Cultural Values, Geography, SES status
Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory
macrosystem
Behavior that is believed to be disappeared unexpectedly and quickly returns after a period of rest or lessened response.
Spontaneous recovery
Around age 12-19
During this stage adolescents need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
Erikson's stages of development
Identity vs role confusion
System to identify and explain different environment that we operate as individuals
Indirect influences, neighbours, community, mass media
Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory
exosystem
When an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances, even when they have the ability to do so.
learned helplessness
Insight occurs in human learning when people recognize relationships suddenly that can help them solve new problems.
Insight learning
The process of growing accustomed to a situation or stimulus. Example: when a child becomes desensitized to stimuli and stops paying attention
habituation
In Pavlov Experiment
Ringing of the bell paired with presence of food
Ringing of the bell is .........
Pavlov :
Classical conditioning
Conditioned stimulus
Strict style of parenting that places high expectations on children, set rigid rules with no explanation
parenting style : Authoritarian