Prenatal Development
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
What is a zygote?
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
What is object permanence?
a framework that offers children the temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking
What is scaffold?
A parenting style where parents are highly responsive and nurturing but exert minimal control and expectations over their children's behavior.
What is permissive parenting?
Erikson’s stage of development that marks the ability to love and form lasting meaningful relationships. Failure to form appropriate bonds or the avoidance of intimacy may result in loneliness, a sense of isolation, and depression.
What is intimacy vs. despair?
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
What is a fetus?
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
What is egocentrism?
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
What is social learning theory?
This is the stage where infants learn whether or not they can rely on their caregivers to meet their needs.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
What are teratogens?
demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness
What is insecure attachment?
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
What is self-concept?
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
What is menopause?
During this stage, typically in early childhood, children learn to assert control and make choices, developing a sense of personal power.
What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
What is habituation?
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
What is assimilation?
In this stage of moral development, morality is based upon self-interest; the desire to obey rules to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards
What is preconventional morality?
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
What is social clock?
In this stage, which typically occurs in middle adulthood, individuals focus on contributing to society and helping to guide the next generation.
What is Generativity vs. Stagnation?
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
What is maturation?
A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity; quickly apparent and genetically influenced
What is temperament?
the distance between what a learner is capable of doing unsupported, and what they can do supported
research that follows and retests the same people over time
What is a longitudinal study?
This final stage of development involves reflecting on one’s life and coming to terms with successes and failures, leading to a sense of fulfillment or regret.
What is Integrity vs. Despair?