Cell Cycle
This is the order of the cell cycle
G1, S, G2, M phase
In DNA, what are the base pairing rules?
A-T; G-C
During which phase do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
This is the type of cell that meiosis divides/creates AND the type of reproduction meiosis is involved with.
What is a mutation?
A change in an organism's DNA
This stage of the cell cycle is where DNA is copied.
S Phase / Interphase
The monomer of DNA is called a nucleotide. What are the 3 parts that make up the nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
This is the type of cell that mitosis divides/creates AND the type of reproduction mitosis is involved with.
Somatic Cell / Asexual Reproduction
During which phase do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell -AND if not done properly, leads to translocation (a chromosomal mutation)
Anaphase I
Which type of mutation results when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted, shifting the reading frame?
Frameshift Mutation (a gene mutation)
Cells spend most of their life in this part of the cell cycle
Interphase
Which enzyme is responsible for “unzipping” the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase
What do we call two identical copies of a chromosome attached at the centromere (aka two halves of a chromosome that are genetically similar)
Sister Chromatids
A diploid cell has 46 chromosomes. After meiosis, how many chromosomes will each gamete contain?
23
Which biotechnology technique separates DNA fragments using an electric current?
Gel Electrophoresis
During this step, the cytoplasm and organelles divide to complete cell division
M Phase / Cytokinesis
An organism has 50 guanine nitrogen bases. This is the other molecule that would be found in equal amounts
Cytosine
A scientist observes a cell where sister chromatids are being pulled apart toward opposite sides of the cell. Which phase is the cell in?
Anaphase
How does meiosis maintain genetic continuity?
the genetic information from parents are passed to offspring, each gamete carries the same number of chromosomes, and fertilization restores the full set
What is an ethical concern about biotechnology? (You can be broad or specific)
changing genes in organisms may have unintended consequences — for example, creating health risks, harming ecosystems, or raising questions about fairness and access to technology.
Why are cell cycle checkpoints important?
They prevent mutations from being copied and stop damaged cells from dividing and helps prevent cancer
This is a difference between DNA and RNA. (You must be specific to receive credit)
DNA contains genetic information, RNA helps make proteins from the information. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar while RNA contains ribose sugar
How does mitosis allow for genetic continuity?
The number of chromosomes in daughter cells are exactly the same as the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
If two siblings share the same parents, why are they not genetically identical? (name at least one way that meiosis allows for genetic variation)
Crossing Over, Random Fertilization, Independent Assortment
A DNA molecule had the sequence "ATCGCCTGA" but after mutations, it is "ATCGCCAGA". What type of gene mutation occured?
Point Mutation / Substitution