DNA Structure
DNA Replication
Cell Cycle
Checkpoints & Cancer
STAAR Questions
100
What does DNA stand for and what biomolecule is it?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid and it is a nucleic acid.
100
What does DNA replication do?
Makes a copy of the DNA.
100
What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
100
What are checkpoints in the cell cycle for?
Checkpoints are key parts of the cell cycle where the cell checks itself to see if it is ready to move forward with cell division.
100
The base sequence of a segment of DNA is shown.
GCC-TAT-ACG-GAT
What would the complementary base sequence be?
GCC-TAT-ACG-GAT
CGG-ATA-TGC-CTA
200
What is the building block (monomer) of DNA and what is its structure?
Nucleotide and Double Helix
200
Enzymes (Helicase, Primase, and Polymerase) drive DNA replication. What is the function of enzymes?
Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
200
Where are cells at the longest and what are the phases?
Interphase. The phases are G1, S, and G2.
200
If a cell doesn't pass a check point what happens?
If a cell is allowed to pass a checkpoint when it isn't ready what happens?
It gets sent back.
Errors will build up.
200
Dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes in their somatic cells. In which part of the cell are those chromosomes replicated during the cell cycle?
Nucleus
300
Name the parts of a nucleotide.
A- Sugar
B- Phosphate
C- Nitrogen Base
300
In step one (unzipping) of DNA replication, there is an enzyme that unzips the DNA. What is this enzyme?
DNA Helicase
300
What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication happen?
The S or Synthesis phase.
300
What disease is known for...
Cells running through the cell cycle completely uncontrolled.
When your own cells that have gone haywire.
Cells only divide and consume nutrients, they never enter G0 (rest phase).
Cancer
300
Scientists have reported that more than 95% of the factors that lead to some types of cancers are caused by random DNA copying errors. During which phase of the cell cycle do these DNA-copying errors most likely occur?
A) S-Phase
B) G1-Phase
C) G2-Phase
D) M-Phase
400
What are the 4 Nitrogen bases and how do they pair up?
Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine-Uracil
**Remember Chargaff's Rule is the rule that bases pair with certain bases.
400
After step 2 (priming), step 3 begins. This step is called Elongation. During elongation there is an enzyme that reads, adds complementary nitrogen bases, and checks itself. What enzyme is this?
DNA Polymerase
400
True or False: Mitosis decreases the number of chromosomes in each cell and happens in the somatic cells.
False.
What is false? Mitosis does not change the number of chromosomes
BUT PART OF THIS IS TRUE.
Mitosis DOES happen in the somatic cells. AKA Body cells.
400
Where might the problem originate from to cause cancer?
How does this relate to the success of the cell cycle?
DNA
Errors in the DNA can disrupt the cells ability to successfully complete cell division. Remember the blueprint for all cellular functions are coded in DNA.
400
Have Mrs. B draw the DNA ladder. This can be 5 questions in 1. The winning team must get 4 correct to get the points. Correctly identify the parts below on Mrs. B's drawing. Not all answers will be used.
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Base Pair
Nitrogen Base
Ribose Sugar
Nucleotide
Correct answers is based on Mrs. B's drawing. Ribose sugar is not used. This is not the sugar in DNA.
500
DNA is often referred to as a ladder. What are the steps? What are the handles? Have Mrs. B draw an example
The steps are the NITROGEN BASES and the handles is made up of the SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE.
500
DNA polymerase reads the original strand, adds complementary nucleotides, and goes back and checks itself. It can only move in a 5' to 3' direction. In replication we have a leading and lagging strand. Why is this?
Leading Strand: DNA polymerase builds toward the replication fork and builds continuously
Lagging Strand: DNA Polymerase builds away from the replication fork and must build in fragments.
500
Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle. What happens during cytokinesis?
The cells officially go from 1 joined cell to 2 separate cells.
500
Where are the 3 main checkpoints?
G1, G2, and M-phase.
500
Which of the following are 2 steps of DNA replication?
A) Step 1- DNA polymerase matches uracil to thymine and cytosine to guanine.
Step 2- 2 identical DNA double helixes are made.
B) Step 1- DNA polymerase matches cytosine to thymine and guanine to adenine
Step 2- 2 single but separate complementary strands of DNA are made.
C) Step 1- DNA polymerase matches cytosine to guanine and thymine to adenine
Step 2- 2 identical DNA double helixes are made.
D) Step 1- DNA polymerase matches uracil to thymine and adenine to guanine.
Step 2- 2 single but separate complementary strands of DNA are made.
C) Step 1- DNA polymerase matches cytosine to guanine and thymine to adenine
Step 2- 2 identical DNA double helixes are made.