Articles of Confederation
What phrase described the relationship among states under the Articles of Confederation?
“A firm league of friendship.”
Where did the Constitutional Convention take place in 1787?
Philadelphia
What are powers specifically granted to the national government called?
Enumerated (delegated) powers
What pen name did Hamilton, Madison, and Jay use to write the Federalist Papers?
Publius
What metaphor is used to describe Dual Federalism?
A “layer cake.”
What was one major weakness of the Articles regarding taxation?
Congress could not levy taxes, only request money from the states.
Who is called the “Father of the Constitution”?
James Madison
Which amendment establishes reserved powers for the states?
The 10th Amendment
Which Federalist Paper argued that a large republic could control factions?
Federalist No. 10 by Madison.
What era of federalism began during the New Deal and is described as “marble cake”?
Cooperative Federalism
Which 1786 uprising revealed the Articles’ inability to handle domestic unrest?
Shays’ Rebellion
Which plan favored larger states with representation based on population?
The Virginia Plan
What clause allows Congress to make “necessary and proper” laws?
The Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)
Which group feared tyranny and opposed the Constitution without a Bill of Rights?
The Anti-Federalists
What type of grant provides money for specific purposes with strict conditions?
Categorical grants
What was the purpose of the Annapolis Convention in 1786?
To address trade issues between states (led to the Constitutional Convention)
What compromise blended the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?
The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)
Which clause makes federal law the “supreme law of the land”?
The Supremacy Clause
Who was a leading Anti-Federalist known for opposing the Constitution?
Patrick Henry (others include George Mason, Samuel Adams)
What is an unfunded mandate?
A federal requirement imposed on states without sufficient federal funding
Why did amending the Articles of Confederation prove nearly impossible?
Amendments required unanimous consent of all 13 states.
What compromise allowed 3/5 of enslaved persons to count for both taxation and representation?
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Give an example of a concurrent power shared by both state and national governments.
Taxation, establishing courts, enforcing laws, or borrowing money
Which Federalist Paper defended judicial review and called the judiciary the “least dangerous branch”?
Federalist No. 78 by Hamilton.
Give one contemporary issue that highlights conflict in modern federalism.
Examples: Healthcare (Medicaid expansion), marijuana legalization, immigration policy, pandemic response