Cellular Transport
This type of transport moves molecules without using energy and always goes down a concentration gradient.
What is passive transport?
The capacity to cause change or do work defines this term.
What is energy?
These biological catalysts speed up chemical reactions without being used up.
What are enzymes?
This molecule acts as the cell’s rechargeable energy currency.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
The equation C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP describes what process?
What is cellular respiration?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the membrane through this specific kind of passive transport.
What is simple diffusion?
Energy stored in chemical bonds is a form of potential or kinetic energy?
What is potential energy?
The region on an enzyme where a substrate binds is called the ________.
What is the active site?
When ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate, the reaction is called ________.
What is ATP hydrolysis?
This first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and splits glucose into two pyruvates.
What is glycolysis?
These membrane proteins help hydrophilic molecules cross without energy use, by acting as channels or carriers.
What is facilitated diffusion?
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed — only ________.
What is converted (transformed)?
Enzymes lower this energy barrier needed for a reaction to begin.
What is the activation energy?
Adding a phosphate group to a molecule using ATP is called what process?
What is phosphorylation?
This mitochondrial process generates multiple NADH, FADH₂, and 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
What is the citric acid cycle?
The Na⁺/K⁺ pump moves ions against their gradient, creating a membrane potential. What kind of transport is this?
What is primary active transport?
This law of thermodynamics says that entropy, or disorder, always increases in spontaneous processes.
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
When the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway, it’s called ________.
What is feedback inhibition?
Which process forms ATP by transferring a phosphate directly from a substrate to ADP?
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is ________.
What is oxygen (O₂)?
When a cell engulfs large particles like bacteria or food, it performs this type of bulk transport.
What is phagocytosis?
The measure of energy available to do work in a biological system is called what?
What is free energy (G)?
The binding of a molecule at a site other than the active site that changes enzyme shape is known as what?
What is allosteric regulation?
ATP synthase produces ATP using a flow of H⁺ ions in a process called what?
What is chemiosmosis?
When no oxygen is present, cells switch to this process to regenerate NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
What is fermentation?