Energy
What are the first and second laws of thermodynamics?
1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred to different forms.
2nd Law: Spontaneous energy transfer increase entropy (disorder)
Enzymes are made of….
Amino acids, because they are proteins
Write out the balanced equation of cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP)
What are the reduced and oxidized electron carriers for Cellular Resp. and Photosynthesis?
Reduced: NADH, FADH2, NADPH
Oxidized: NAD+, FAD, NADP+
Organelle: Chloroplast
Drawing should include: Outer membrane, Inner membrane, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid lumen, Grana (stack of thylakoids), Stroma,
What is the difference between Exergonic, and Endergonic?
Exergonic: ΔG<0, Energy exits
Endergonic:ΔG>0, Energy Enters
What are the basic properties of an enzyme?
Enzymes...
- have specific substrates (reactants) that fit into the active site
- catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy
- achieve induced fit to produce products
- Can have allosteric sites (changes active site shape)
What is the first pathway in Cellular Resp. and where does it take place? Is it anaerobic, or aerobic?
Glycolysis!
Location: cytoplasm of cell
Anaerobic and aerobic!!
TRUE/FALSE: Electron Transport Chain steals the MOST electrons from glucose intermediates
FALSE!
The Citric Acid Cycle steals the most e- from glucose intermediates. It completely oxidizes the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis, releasing the remaining carbon atoms as carbon dioxide
How do pigments absorb light energy? What happens if there isn't enough energy for an electron to "punch its neighbor"?
Pigments absorb light energy when photons of a specific wavelength strike a pigment molecule. The light "excites" the electron causing it to jump to a higher energy level (punch its neighbor). That energy is absorbed.
When it doesn't have the perfect amount of energy to bump its neighbor, the photon reflects.
Think of why plants are green! Green photon doesn't have enough energy to make electrons bump each other, so that photon reflects back out and to our eyes!
Which has the most potential chemical energy?CO2, H2O, O2, C6H12O6 (glucose) or C17H35COOH (fatty acid)
C17H35COOH (fatty acid) because it had the most bonds!
more bonds= more energy
What is energetic coupling? Give an example of where we see this in cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
Energetic coupling uses exergonic reactions to fuel endergonic reactions.
Ex: anytime we use ATP hydrolysis to fuel endergonic reactions = ATP is broken to ADP and P and releases energy that is used by the enzyme for endergonic reactions
Anytime we see ADP + P >> ATP
Ex.
Cellular Resp-
Glycolysis: 2ADP+P>>2ATP, 4ADP+P>>4ATP
TCA: 2ADP+P>>2ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation:34ADP+P>>34ATP
Photosynthesis-
Celvin Cycle: 12ADP+P>>12ATP,
6ADP+P>>6ATP
In Glycolysis, ATP is made by...
Substrate Phosphorylation (need an enzyme and substrate to put Phosphate group on ADP!
What are the products per glucose of the Citric Acid Cycle? How is ATP made during this step?
- 4CO2
- 6NADH
- 2FADH2
- 2ATP
- 2 oxaloacetate
ATP made by substrate level phosphorylation.
In photosystems II, ____ oxidizes into _____ to replace the electrons ejected from the reaction center.
6H2O are oxidized (loss of Electrons) into 6O2 (waste)
Draw the graph of an Anabolic reaction. Is it spontaneous or non-spontaneous? Exergonic or Endergonic?
Building molecules by making bonds
Non-spontaneous
Endergonic
Draw out what Feedback Inhibition looks like in a metabolic pathway
Should include multiple enzymes, end product should bind to allosteric site of an enzyme at the beginning of pathway, prevents the over production of final products.
TRUE/FALSE: The most ATP is made in pathway 2 of Cellular Respiration.
No! Pathway 2 is Pyruvate Processing (breakdown)! The products are 2CO2 waste and 2 Acetyl-CoA. No ATP is made during this step
Correctly Identity the order of the ETC:
A. Electrons get passed through a chain of proteins, and fuel the active transport of H+ ions from low>>>high.
B. 6O2 pulls out remaining electrons from the ETC and reduces into 6H2O.
C. 10 NADH and 6 FADH2 are oxidized at the ETC (dropping off electrons)
Correct order of events: C, A, B
the ejected e- are used to reduce NADP into NADPH by NADP+ Reductase
If I have a reaction with a ΔG= -7.1 kcal/mol, what type of chemical reaction would I be?
Catabolic AND Exergonic
Imagine a metabolic pathway with three enzymes and their reactants and products. If the first enzyme was inactivated, what would happen to the first, second, and third reactants and products of each enzyme.?(draw it out to help)
The first reactant would increase and the rest of the reactants/ products would decrease.
What pathway of Cellular Respiration makes an H+ electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane
Electron Transport Chain!!
The electrons from glucose are used to move H+ ions from low>>>high into the intermediate space. This process happens so that _________ can occur.
Oxidative Phosphorylation! The process of putting the phosphate group on the ADP to generate ATP.
34 ADP+P>>> 34 ATP (Max amout)
Outline the three phases of the Calvin Cycle. Where does it happen?
Location: stoma
1.CARBON FIXATION- 6CO2 are "fixed" to RUBP by Rubsico Enzyme
2. REDUCTION AND SUGAR PRODUCTION- 12 ATP and 12 NADPH are used to make 1 glucose
3. RUBP Regeneration- left over carbon and 6ATP are used to make RUBP