BIOL101 Exam 3

Cell Communication

100

Bacteria secrete molecules to determine cell density through this method

Quorum Sensing

200

These are the signaling molecules that bacteria secrete to communicate with one another

Autoinducers

300

Yeast secrete these molecules in order to fuse and make a new cell

Mating Factors

400

Programmed cell death coordinated by caspases

Apoptosis

500

These are the 3 stages of cell signaling

1. Signal Reception

2. Signal Transduction

3. Cell Response

Types of Cell Signaling

100

This type of signaling occurs between nearby cells and usually elicits a quick response

Paracrine Signaling

200

This type of signaling occurs between neurons, releasing neurotransmitters

Synaptic Signaling

300

This type of signaling secretes hormones that travel throughout the bloodstream to reach their target cells

Endocrine Signaling

400

This type of signaling involves cells being able to bind their own ligand

Autocrine Signaling

500

These connections between cells allow quick communication about current conditions

Gap Junctions

Receptors

100

Found in the cytoplasm and often binds steroids or hormones

Intracellular Receptors

200

The 3 components of this receptor include an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain

Cell-Surface Receptors

300

This receptor exchanges GDP for GTP upon binding of a signaling molecule

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

400

This receptor is amphipathic to allow for passage of charged molecules

Ion Channel Receptor

500

This receptor dimerizes and is phosphorylated upon  ligand binding

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

Signaling Molecules

100

These type of molecules diffuse directly through the membrane

Hydrophobic

200

This second messenger has a higher concentration in the ER than in the cytoplasm

Calcium (Ca²⁺)

300

A method of signaling that involves the addition of a functional group to molecules

Phosphorylation

400

This second messenger can be made from ATP when needed

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

500

This second messenger is cleaved by phospholipase C

Inositol Phospholipids

Mitosis

100

This phase of the cell cycle is often indicated by the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell

Metaphase

200

During this phase, the nucleolus disappears and the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

Prophase

300

In this phase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

Anaphase

400

This phase of mitosis involves formation of the kinetochore at the centromere of each chromatid

Prometaphase

500

In this phase, spindle microtubules are depolymerized to reform the cytoskeleton

Telophase

Cell Cycle

100

This is the phase cells enter when they are not actively dividing

G₀

200

This marks the physical separation of the two daughter cells

Cytokinesis

300

This checkpoint is used by the cell to make sure DNA is not damaged

G₂ Checkpoint

400

This checkpoint ensures that sister chromatids are attached to spindle microtubules

M Checkpoint

500

This protein is responsible for splitting the nucleoid in prokaryotes

FtsZ or filamenting temperature sensitive mutant Z

Cell Cycle Regulation

100

These regulators primarily work at the G₁ checkpoint

Negative Regulators

200

The levels of these positive regulators fluctuate depending on what phase of the cell cycle is happening

Cyclins

300

This negative regulator halts the cell cycle and can lead to cancer if mutated

p53

400

These are normal genes that code for positive cell cycle regulators

Proto-oncogenes

500

This negative regulator bind transcription factors to block the transcription of proteins needed for G₁/S transition

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

Meiosis

100

This is a brief interphase without S phase that occurs prior to meiosis II

Interkinesis

200

This phase involves the crossing over of homologous chromosomes

Prophase I

300

During this phase, the chiasmata is broken and the tetrad of chromosomes is separated

Anaphase I

400

During this phase, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Anaphase II

500

In this phase, homologous chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate in a random order

Metaphase I

Mendelian Genetics

100

This generation is considered the "true-breeding" generation

P generation

200

This Mendelian Law states that alleles separate during the formation of gametes

Law of Segregation

300

This is an organism that is heterozygous for two charateristics

Dihybrid

400

This occurs when the dominant allele is not always the one that is observed phenotypically

Incomplete Penetrance

500

This occurs when the expression of a gene at one locus alters the expression of a different gene at a second locus

Epistasis

Genetic Material

100

This type of genetic material has a deoxyribose sugar

DNA

200

The complex of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes

Chromatin

300

The repetitive sequences of DNA where sister chromatids are attached

Centromere

400

Prokaryotic DNA is found in this shape

Circle (Loop)

500

Two copies of a duplicated chromosome that are attached to one another

Sister chromatids